Difference between revisions of "Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus"

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== Introduction  ==
 
  
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This disease is caused by a virus from the family retrovirus ([[:Category:Lentiviruses|lentivirus]]) and is serologically related to [[Visna-Maedi Virus|Maedi-Visna virus]] described in sheep. They have different antigenic and genetic envelopes. This virus affects goats only.
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CAEV
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====Antigenicity====
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*Serologically related to [[Visna-Maedi Virus|Visna-Maedi]] with antigenic and genetic envelope differences
  
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The disease is characterised by an immune complex induced by [[T cells]]. Transfer is by milk and colostrum, particularly batch mixing from antibody positive dams. The disease is present in roughly 10% of UK herds, however clinical disease is rare.
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====Hosts====
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*Goats
  
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====Pathogenesis====
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*T cells induce immune complex disease
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*Causes '''encephalitis of kids''' or  [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Goats|'''insidious polyarthritis of adults''']]
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*Also causes [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)|pneumonia]]
  
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== Signalment ==
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====Epidemiology====
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*Transfer via '''milk and colostrum''', particularly batch-mixing
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*Present in 10% of UK herds
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*Clinical disease is '''rare'''
  
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Goats contract the disease as kids, but clinical disease can be seen then, or in adults.
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====Diagnosis====
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*Visna-Maedi serology (ELISA) test can be used to remove positive stock
  
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====Control====
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*Separate kids from virus positive mothers at birth
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*Treat mother's '''colostrum''' (56 deg for 1 hour)
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*Rear on artificial milk
  
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== Clinical Signs ==
 
  
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There are two forms that the disease can take, depending on the age of the animal. In kids a '''non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis''' occurs, whereas in adult goats chronic, '''non-suppurative arthritis''' occurs. The virus also causes [[Interstitial Pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] which tends to be obscured by other clinical signs.
 
  
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== Diagnosis ==
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===Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)===
  
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In older goats where pantropic arthritis occurs, this disease is usually suspected.
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*Caused by [[Retroviridae|retrovirus (lentivirus)]] similar to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Maedi Visna|Maedi Visna]] in sheep described above
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*Two forms:
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**Non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis in young goats and kids
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**Chronic, non-suppurative arthritis-synovitis in adult goats
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*Also causes [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] which tends to be obscured by other clinical signs
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*Gross pathology:
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**Mainly caudal lobes
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**Lungs are firm, grey-pink with grey-white focal lesions on cut surface
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*Micro pathology:
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**Thickened alveolar wall
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**Lymphocyte infiltration and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
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*Can be confused with or coexisting with [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|Parasitic pneumonia]]
  
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The Visna-Maedi serology ([[ELISA testing|ELISA]]) test can be used to remove positive stock.
 
  
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Post mortem examination can be performed. Signs characteristic of the disease include firm lungs, especially caudal lobes, pink-grey focal lesions are found here. On micro-pathology there will be a thickened alveolar wall, lymphocyte infiltration and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia is also seen. This can be confused with or coexisting with [[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections|parasitic pneumonia]]. In limbs, large limb joints are thickened and carpal hygroma is often present. There will also be cystic swelling on the cranial surface of the knee containing serous fluid. In advanced cases synovial fluid hypertrophy, necrosis, mineralisation and articular cartilage formation will be seen.
 
  
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**Arthritis is commonly the main expression
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**Large limb joints are thickened
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**'''Carpal hygroma''' is often present
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***Subcutaneous cystic swelling on cranial surface of the knee, contains serous fluid
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**In advanced cases
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***Synovial villus hypertrophy
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***Necrosis
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***Mineralisation
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***Mononuclear cell infiltration
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***[[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Pannus]] formation
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***[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Articular cartilage|Articular cartilage]] destruction
  
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== Control ==
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[[Category:Lentiviruses]][[Category:Goat]][[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]]
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[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
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In herds where the virus is known to exist, separate kids from virus positive mothers at birth and do not allow them to suckle. The mothers' colostrum can be treated (56 deg for 1 hour) OR rear the kids on artificial milk.
 
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== References ==
 
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Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition), Elsevier Science
 
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Bridger J and Russell, P (2007) Virology Study Guide, Royal Veterinary College
 
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Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial
 
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Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, Elsevier Health Sciences
 
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{{review}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:Lentiviruses]] [[Category:Goat_Viruses]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal_Diseases_-_Goat]] [[Category:Neurological_Diseases_-_Goat]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Goat]]
 

Revision as of 10:44, 20 July 2010


 This article is still under construction.


CAEV

Antigenicity

  • Serologically related to Visna-Maedi with antigenic and genetic envelope differences

Hosts

  • Goats

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

  • Transfer via milk and colostrum, particularly batch-mixing
  • Present in 10% of UK herds
  • Clinical disease is rare

Diagnosis

  • Visna-Maedi serology (ELISA) test can be used to remove positive stock

Control

  • Separate kids from virus positive mothers at birth
  • Treat mother's colostrum (56 deg for 1 hour)
  • Rear on artificial milk


Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)

  • Caused by retrovirus (lentivirus) similar to Maedi Visna in sheep described above
  • Two forms:
    • Non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis in young goats and kids
    • Chronic, non-suppurative arthritis-synovitis in adult goats
  • Also causes interstitial pneumonia which tends to be obscured by other clinical signs
  • Gross pathology:
    • Mainly caudal lobes
    • Lungs are firm, grey-pink with grey-white focal lesions on cut surface
  • Micro pathology:
    • Thickened alveolar wall
    • Lymphocyte infiltration and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
  • Can be confused with or coexisting with Parasitic pneumonia


    • Arthritis is commonly the main expression
    • Large limb joints are thickened
    • Carpal hygroma is often present
      • Subcutaneous cystic swelling on cranial surface of the knee, contains serous fluid
    • In advanced cases
      • Synovial villus hypertrophy
      • Necrosis
      • Mineralisation
      • Mononuclear cell infiltration
      • Pannus formation
      • Articular cartilage destruction
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