Difference between revisions of "Equine Viral Arteritis"
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− | == | + | ====Antigenicity==== |
+ | *Most cases are subclinical and only '''antibody positive''' | ||
− | + | ====Hosts==== | |
− | + | *More common in '''thoroughbreds''' | |
− | + | ====Pathogenesis==== | |
+ | *Infects nasopharynx and spreads locally, causing: | ||
+ | **Dyspnoea | ||
+ | **Coughing | ||
+ | **Diarrhoea | ||
+ | **Colic | ||
+ | *Spread to lymphoid tissue leads to '''leukopenia''' and '''immunosuppression''' | ||
+ | *Typical '''medial necrosis of arteries''' causing: | ||
+ | **Hemorrhage | ||
+ | **Abortions occur after 10-30 days in 50% of pregnant mares (as opposed to Equine Herpes, which shows late abortions) | ||
+ | **Oedema - particularly ocular, giving rise to "pink eye" | ||
+ | *Other clinical signs include: | ||
+ | **Pyrexia | ||
+ | **Nettle rashes | ||
+ | **Ocular and nasal discharge | ||
+ | **Swelling of legs or scrotum | ||
+ | **Stiffness of gait | ||
+ | *'''Foal death''' caused by '''interstitial pneumonia''' | ||
+ | *Stallions become intermittent or persistent '''shedders''' from [[Male Reproductive Tract -Accessory Sex Glands - Anatomy & Physiology|accessory sex glands]] but may show no clinical signs | ||
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− | + | ====Epidemiology==== | |
+ | *Controlled virus in the UK but AI and breeding schemes presents a real risk | ||
− | == | + | ====Diagnosis==== |
+ | *Clinical symptoms, but may be variable | ||
+ | *'''PCR''' on '''semen''' | ||
+ | *'''ELISA''' for serum '''antibody''' | ||
− | + | ====Control==== | |
+ | *'''Vaccines''': | ||
+ | **Stallions: '''Live attenuated''' | ||
+ | **Mares: '''Killed whole virus''' | ||
+ | *Clinical disease is '''NOTIFIABLE''' | ||
+ | **Seropositive stallions restricted from teasing, mating or AI unless PCR tested negative | ||
+ | **Persistent shedders should be castrated | ||
+ | *Serology on imported horses | ||
+ | *Mares tested within 4 weeks of mating | ||
+ | *In an outbreak, isolate and restrict movement until antibody-negative for one month | ||
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− | + | *Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]] (EVA) | |
+ | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema | ||
+ | *Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells | ||
+ | *Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis | ||
+ | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]] | ||
+ | *Transmitted by respiratory and venereal routes through direct contact with infected horse or its secretions | ||
+ | *Stallion are a reservoir of infection as they are chronic shedders | ||
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− | + | [[Category:Arteriviridae]][[Category:Horse Viruses]] | |
− | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]] | |
− | + | [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | |
− | + | [[Category:Respiratory_Disorders_-_Horse]] | |
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Revision as of 11:51, 29 July 2010
This article is still under construction. |
Antigenicity
- Most cases are subclinical and only antibody positive
Hosts
- More common in thoroughbreds
Pathogenesis
- Infects nasopharynx and spreads locally, causing:
- Dyspnoea
- Coughing
- Diarrhoea
- Colic
- Spread to lymphoid tissue leads to leukopenia and immunosuppression
- Typical medial necrosis of arteries causing:
- Hemorrhage
- Abortions occur after 10-30 days in 50% of pregnant mares (as opposed to Equine Herpes, which shows late abortions)
- Oedema - particularly ocular, giving rise to "pink eye"
- Other clinical signs include:
- Pyrexia
- Nettle rashes
- Ocular and nasal discharge
- Swelling of legs or scrotum
- Stiffness of gait
- Foal death caused by interstitial pneumonia
- Stallions become intermittent or persistent shedders from accessory sex glands but may show no clinical signs
Epidemiology
- Controlled virus in the UK but AI and breeding schemes presents a real risk
Diagnosis
- Clinical symptoms, but may be variable
- PCR on semen
- ELISA for serum antibody
Control
- Vaccines:
- Stallions: Live attenuated
- Mares: Killed whole virus
- Clinical disease is NOTIFIABLE
- Seropositive stallions restricted from teasing, mating or AI unless PCR tested negative
- Persistent shedders should be castrated
- Serology on imported horses
- Mares tested within 4 weeks of mating
- In an outbreak, isolate and restrict movement until antibody-negative for one month
- Causative agent: equine arterivirus (EVA)
- Rhinitis, peripheral oedema, bronchitis/bronchiolitis, conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema
- Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells
- Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis
- Interstitial pneumonia
- Transmitted by respiratory and venereal routes through direct contact with infected horse or its secretions
- Stallion are a reservoir of infection as they are chronic shedders