Difference between revisions of "Feline Calicivirus"

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==Introduction==
 
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[[Image:Feline Calcivirus.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<p>Feline calicivirus infection in a cat, showing ulceration, secondary gingivitis, rhinitis, faucitis and hypersalivation. </p>Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Kalumet  (2005)]]
 
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The normal hosts for this virus are domestic cats and cheetahs. The virus has a high morbidity/low mortality rate, but affected animals can be further compromised by concurrent infection.
 
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The incubation period is 2-10 days.
 
  
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====Antigenicity====
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*Single serotype with antigenic variation
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====Hosts====
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*Domestic cats and cheetahs
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====Pathogenesis====
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*Incubation period: 2-10 days
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*High morbidity/low mortality, but can be compromised by concurrent infection
 
Clinical signs include:
 
Clinical signs include:
 
*Vesicles and ulcers of the oral epithelium (2-5mm)
 
*Vesicles and ulcers of the oral epithelium (2-5mm)
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*Pneumonia
 
*Pneumonia
 
Differential Diagnoses may include:
 
Differential Diagnoses may include:
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*[[Feline Herpesvirus 1]]
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*Feline Herpes
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*''[[Chlamydophila felis]]''
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*Clamydophila felis
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*''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
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*Bordetella bronchiseptica
 
Recovery can be followed by '''carrier status'''
 
Recovery can be followed by '''carrier status'''
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For more, see [[Feline Calicivirus|Feline calicivirus]]
  
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==Epidemiology==
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====Epidemiology====
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FCV is endemic worldwide. Transmission occurs through '''direct contact''' with secretions of carrier cats or '''indirect contact''' via drinking bowls, etc. Clinical disease is most frequently seen in kittens; '''active immunity''' is generally present in animals over 1 year of age. Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur. Calicivirus is one of the agents of [[Feline Upper Respiratory Disease Complex|cat flu]].
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*FCV is '''endemic worldwide'''
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*Transmission occurs through '''direct contact''' with secretions of carrier cats or '''indirect contact''' via drinking bowls, etc
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==Antigenicity==
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*Clinical disease is most frequently seen in '''kittens'''
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A single serotype has been identified which typically has antigenic variations.
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*'''Active immunity''' formed by 1 year of age
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*Transmission occurs from diseased and recovered (carrier) animals
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*Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur
  
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Recent strains of the virus have been shown to cause systemic disease, where the initial upper respiratory signs are followed by:
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====Strains====
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*Severe pyrexia
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Recent strains have been shown to cause systemic disease:
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*Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs
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*Initial upper respiratory signs are followed by:
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*Skin ulcers
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**Severe pyrexia
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*Icterus and Petchiae
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**Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs
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The mortality rate of recently emerging strains can be as high as 50%, and higher in cats over 1 year of age. Conventional vaccinations are thought to be ineffective against these strains.
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**Skin ulcers
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**Icterus and Petchiae
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*Mortality of up to 50%, and higher in cats over 1 year of age
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*Conventional vaccination ineffective
  
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==Diagnosis==
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====Diagnosis====
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Clinical signs are non specific with many other differentials. Nasal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal swabs can be taken for virus isolation. Cytology of affected cells may demonstrate  pyknosis (an irreversible condensation of chromatin in the cell nucleus undergoing necrosis or apoptosis) - feline herpes causes cellular swelling and syncytia formation.
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*Clinical signs unhelpful due to differentials
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*Nasal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal swabs taken for virus isolation
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**Diagnosed by pyknosis (Feline herpes causes cellular swelling and syncitia)
  
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==Control==
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====Control====
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*Virulent isolate outbreak: quarantine and restrict movement of in contact animals.
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Virulent isolate outbreak:
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*Prevention: Live or dead [[Vaccines|vaccines]] are available that contain broadly cross-reactive strains. [[Vaccines#Cat_Vaccinations|Vaccination]] is often given in combination with feline herpes and panleukopenia virus immunization.
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*Quarantine and restrict movement
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The virus presents a particular concern for catteries due to the epidemiological risk of spread in intensively kept cats.
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Prevention:
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*Vaccination:  
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**Live or dead vaccines available
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**Contain broadly cross-reactive strains
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**In combination with feline herpes and panleukopenia virus
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**Live nose-drop vaccine now available in US
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**Particular concern for catteries
  
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{{Learning
 
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|flashcards = [[Feline Medicine Q&A 10]]
 
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=feline+calicivirus&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=41&y=14&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Feline Calicivirus publications]
 
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|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073085492.pdf '''Cats and calicivirus infection - the evolving pattern of disease.''' Radford, A.; Coyne, K. P.; Dawson, S.; Porter, C. J.; Gaskell, R. M.; Svoboda, M. ; Czech Small Animal Veterinary Association, Prague, Czech Republic, 2006 World Congress Proceedings. 31st World Small Animal Association Congress, 12th European Congress FECAVA, & 14th Czech Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, 11-14 October, 2006, 2006, pp 343-346, 26 ref.]
 
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/felis/Content/Disease/dis60211 Feline Calicivirus disease - Felis]
 
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}}
 
  
  
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{{review}}
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*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
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*Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares
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*Lesions present may include [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]]
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*Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above
  
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{{OpenPages}}
 
  
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[[Category:Caliciviridae]][[Category:Cat Viruses]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cat]]
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[[Category:Caliciviridae]][[Category:Cat]]
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[[Category:Expert Review]]
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
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[[Category:Other Oral Conditions]]
 

Revision as of 12:20, 30 July 2010


 This article is still under construction.


Antigenicity

  • Single serotype with antigenic variation

Hosts

  • Domestic cats and cheetahs

Pathogenesis

  • Incubation period: 2-10 days
  • High morbidity/low mortality, but can be compromised by concurrent infection

Clinical signs include:

  • Vesicles and ulcers of the oral epithelium (2-5mm)
  • Nasal and ocular discharge
  • Sneezing
  • Anorexia

Variable signs include:

  • Pyrexia
  • Dyspnoea
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Rhinitis
  • Tracheitis
  • Pneumonia

Differential Diagnoses may include:

  • Feline Herpes
  • Clamydophila felis
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica

Recovery can be followed by carrier status For more, see Feline calicivirus

Epidemiology

  • FCV is endemic worldwide
  • Transmission occurs through direct contact with secretions of carrier cats or indirect contact via drinking bowls, etc
  • Clinical disease is most frequently seen in kittens
  • Active immunity formed by 1 year of age
  • Transmission occurs from diseased and recovered (carrier) animals
  • Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur

Strains

Recent strains have been shown to cause systemic disease:

  • Initial upper respiratory signs are followed by:
    • Severe pyrexia
    • Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs
    • Skin ulcers
    • Icterus and Petchiae
  • Mortality of up to 50%, and higher in cats over 1 year of age
  • Conventional vaccination ineffective

Diagnosis

  • Clinical signs unhelpful due to differentials
  • Nasal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal swabs taken for virus isolation
    • Diagnosed by pyknosis (Feline herpes causes cellular swelling and syncitia)

Control

Virulent isolate outbreak:

  • Quarantine and restrict movement

Prevention:

  • Vaccination:
    • Live or dead vaccines available
    • Contain broadly cross-reactive strains
    • In combination with feline herpes and panleukopenia virus
    • Live nose-drop vaccine now available in US
    • Particular concern for catteries


  • Rhinitis,
  • Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the tongue, hard palate and external nares
  • Lesions present may include interstitial pneumonia with necrotising bronchiolitis
  • Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above
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