Difference between revisions of "Glanders"
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| − | + | ==Description== | |
| − | + | '''Glanders''' is a contagious disease caused by [[Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'']]. It exists in acute and chronic forms. | |
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| − | '''Glanders''' is a contagious disease caused by | ||
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Three forms of the condition have been described; animals will show signs of one or more forms. | Three forms of the condition have been described; animals will show signs of one or more forms. | ||
| + | *Pulmonary form: | ||
| − | + | Small calcified or caseous nodules develop in the lungs, the surrounding lungs become inflamed and consolidated. The resulting pneumonia causes respiratory distress and coughing. The nodules frequently degenerate to release their contents into the bronchioles which results in spread of the infection into the upper airways. | |
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| − | Small calcified or caseous nodules develop in the lungs, the surrounding | ||
| − | + | *Nasal form: | |
| − | + | Nodules form on the nasal mucosa, nasal septum and nasal turbinates. These break down to become ulcerative with raised irregular borders, the lesions may heal to form chracteristic star shaped scars. A thick mucopurulent discharge is seen at the nostrils. The local lymph nodes are enlarged and as the disease progresses, they become firm and adhere to underlyinig tissues. | |
| − | Nodules form on the nasal mucosa, nasal septum and nasal turbinates. These break down to become ulcerative with raised irregular borders, the lesions may heal to form | ||
| − | + | * Cutaneous form: | |
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Carnivores can also be infected by ingestion of infected carcasses. | Carnivores can also be infected by ingestion of infected carcasses. | ||
| − | The | + | The diease is zoonotic, humans are infected by inoculation through a wound and mortality is high. |
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==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
Equidae are most commonly affected, horses tend to get the chronic form and mules and donkeys the acute form. | Equidae are most commonly affected, horses tend to get the chronic form and mules and donkeys the acute form. | ||
| − | The disease was once widespread in the UK but was eradicated in 1928 and is now a Notifiable disease | + | The disease was once widespread in the UK but was eradicated in 1928 and is now a Notifiable disease. Distribution is limited to parts of SE Asia, The Middle East, India, North Africa, China and Mongolia. |
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | + | Clinical signs may be sufficient to diagnose the condition, however they do not develop until the disease is advanced, therefore specific tests are indicated in suspected cases to aid prompt diagnosis. | |
===Clinical Signs=== | ===Clinical Signs=== | ||
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====Acute==== | ====Acute==== | ||
* Pyrexia | * Pyrexia | ||
| − | * Mucopurulent nasal | + | * Mucopurulent nasal discharage |
* Ulceration of nasal mucosa | * Ulceration of nasal mucosa | ||
* Coughing | * Coughing | ||
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====Chronic==== | ====Chronic==== | ||
* Nodular, ulcerative nasal lesions | * Nodular, ulcerative nasal lesions | ||
| − | * Subcutaneous nodules which | + | * Subcutaneous nodules which rupure and discharge exudate |
* Enlarged lymph nodes | * Enlarged lymph nodes | ||
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Animals are debilitated and show clinical signs for several months, the disease may be fatal or the animal may appear to recover but it will act as a carrier and source of infection for spread of the disease. | Animals are debilitated and show clinical signs for several months, the disease may be fatal or the animal may appear to recover but it will act as a carrier and source of infection for spread of the disease. | ||
| − | ===Clinical | + | ===Clinical tests=== |
| − | The | + | The Mallein test is used most frquently to diagnose the condition, a fraction of the causative organism is injected intradermally into the eyelid or applied as eyedrops, a positive result is seen as local swelling and discharge 1-2 days post testing. |
===Laboratory Tests=== | ===Laboratory Tests=== | ||
| − | Other diagnostic tests include an | + | Other diagnostic tests include an Elisa, complement fixation and culture of the orgamism from exudative lesions. |
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| + | ===Pathology=== | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
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==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
| − | Prognosis is poor, the | + | Prognosis is poor, the diease is usually fatal. Animals which survive should be slaughtered to prevent spread of the disease. |
| − | + | ==References== | |
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| + | *Pathogenesis: | ||
| + | **Transmited by ingestion of food/water contaminated by nasal discharge of infected ''Equidae''; occasionally via inhalation or skin wounds | ||
| + | **Organism invades nasopharyngeal mucosa and spreads to other tissues via lymphatics | ||
| + | **Presence of ''B. mallei'' in host causes hypersensitivity reaction | ||
| − | + | **Chronic disease more common: | |
| − | + | ***Cutaneous form (farcy): lymphangitis; nodules along lymphatic vesselsof limbs; ulcers develop and discharge pus | |
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| − | * | ||
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[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] | [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Respiratory_Disorders_-_Horse]] |
Revision as of 14:58, 31 July 2010
Description
Glanders is a contagious disease caused by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei. It exists in acute and chronic forms.
Three forms of the condition have been described; animals will show signs of one or more forms.
- Pulmonary form:
Small calcified or caseous nodules develop in the lungs, the surrounding lungs become inflamed and consolidated. The resulting pneumonia causes respiratory distress and coughing. The nodules frequently degenerate to release their contents into the bronchioles which results in spread of the infection into the upper airways.
- Nasal form:
Nodules form on the nasal mucosa, nasal septum and nasal turbinates. These break down to become ulcerative with raised irregular borders, the lesions may heal to form chracteristic star shaped scars. A thick mucopurulent discharge is seen at the nostrils. The local lymph nodes are enlarged and as the disease progresses, they become firm and adhere to underlyinig tissues.
- Cutaneous form:
Carnivores can also be infected by ingestion of infected carcasses.
The diease is zoonotic, humans are infected by inoculation through a wound and mortality is high.
Signalment
Equidae are most commonly affected, horses tend to get the chronic form and mules and donkeys the acute form. The disease was once widespread in the UK but was eradicated in 1928 and is now a Notifiable disease. Distribution is limited to parts of SE Asia, The Middle East, India, North Africa, China and Mongolia.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs may be sufficient to diagnose the condition, however they do not develop until the disease is advanced, therefore specific tests are indicated in suspected cases to aid prompt diagnosis.
Clinical Signs
Acute
- Pyrexia
- Mucopurulent nasal discharage
- Ulceration of nasal mucosa
- Coughing
- Death
Affected animals are septicaemic and die within a few days.
Chronic
- Nodular, ulcerative nasal lesions
- Subcutaneous nodules which rupure and discharge exudate
- Enlarged lymph nodes
Animals are debilitated and show clinical signs for several months, the disease may be fatal or the animal may appear to recover but it will act as a carrier and source of infection for spread of the disease.
Clinical tests
The Mallein test is used most frquently to diagnose the condition, a fraction of the causative organism is injected intradermally into the eyelid or applied as eyedrops, a positive result is seen as local swelling and discharge 1-2 days post testing.
Laboratory Tests
Other diagnostic tests include an Elisa, complement fixation and culture of the orgamism from exudative lesions.
Pathology
Treatment
There is no vaccine available. Prevention and control focuses on prompt detection and slaughter of infected animals and complete quarantine and disinfection of the affected premises.
Prognosis
Prognosis is poor, the diease is usually fatal. Animals which survive should be slaughtered to prevent spread of the disease.
References
- Pathogenesis:
- Transmited by ingestion of food/water contaminated by nasal discharge of infected Equidae; occasionally via inhalation or skin wounds
- Organism invades nasopharyngeal mucosa and spreads to other tissues via lymphatics
- Presence of B. mallei in host causes hypersensitivity reaction
- Chronic disease more common:
- Cutaneous form (farcy): lymphangitis; nodules along lymphatic vesselsof limbs; ulcers develop and discharge pus
- Chronic disease more common: