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| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | '''Tuberculosis''' is a general term for diseases caused by the tuberculous group of bacteria, [[Mycobacteria spp.|Mycobacteria species]]. ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', ''[[Mycobacterium bovis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium avium]]'' are host adapted to humans, cattle and birds respectively. All three types can produce disease in other species; ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' is the most host specific strain and rarely causes progressive disease in species other than humans, ''Mycobacterium bovis'' causes disease in cattle but can affect a number of other species, see [[Bovine Tuberculosis]]. ''Mycobacterium avium'' is the only type that causes disease in birds but it can also affect mammalian species, see [[Avian Tuberculosis]].
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| − | Infection is usually via inhalation of infective droplets, but can also be by ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and occasionally via coitus or milk. The primary focus of infection is determined by the route of infection. Characteristic granulomatous tubercles develop. These become necrotic, shedding the infective organism which disseminates to other body systems initiating secondary foci.
| + | ==Treatment== |
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| − | ==Clinical Signs== | + | ==Description== |
| − | Location and severity depend on which body systems are affected and the advancement of the disease. Due to the testing and slaughter policy most cases in the UK are identified before development of clinical signs.
| + | A general term for diseases caused by the tuberculous group of bacteria, [[Mycobacteria spp.|Mycobacteria species]], including ''[[Mycobacterium bovis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'',''[[Mycobacterium avium]]''. |
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| − | ===Respiratory form===
| + | Infection can be via inhalation of infective droplets, ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and occasionally via coitus or via milk. |
| − | * Chronic cough- soft and productive
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| − | * Tachypnoea
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| − | * Dyspnoea
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| − | * Dull areas on auscultation of the lungs in advanced cases
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| − | ===Alimentary form===
| + | The primary focus of infection is determined by the route of infection. Characteristic granulomatous tubercles develop. These become nectrotic, shedding the infetcive which disseminates to other body systems initiating secondary foci. |
| − | * Few clinical signs
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| − | * Diarrhoea
| + | [[Bovine Tuberculosis]] |
| − | * Bloat
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| − | ==Laboratory Tests==
| + | [[Avian Tuberculosis]] |
| − | An [[ELISA testing|ELISA test]] has been developed but is not widely used. The gamma interferon test can also be used for diagnosis of the condition.
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| − | ==Pathology==
| + | *Grossly: |
| − | Findings at post mortem depend on the route of entry of the organism, whether it became generalised or not and the stage of the disease.
| + | **Yellowish spherical nodules |
| − | One or more lymph nodes will display the characteristic granulomatous tubercles. In the respiratory form the mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes are affected, with lesions in the lungs.
| + | **[[Necrosis - Pathology#Caseation Necrosis|Caseous content]] |
| | + | **Fibrous capsule usually |
| | + | *Histologically: |
| | + | **Granuloma |
| | + | **Central necrosis |
| | + | **Epitheliod and giant cells at periphery |
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| − | If the mycobacteria disseminated from the primary complex then lymph nodes in other regions will also be affected and there will be multiple small foci of infection on other organs.
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| − | Microscopically there are '''epithelioid cells''', with large vesicular nuclei and pale cytoplasm and '''giant cells''', formed by the fusion of macrophages, are found at the centre of tubercles. Surrounding this, there is a narrow layer of lymphocytes, mononuclear cells and plasma cells, more advanced cases show peripheral fibroplasia and central necrosis.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Control measures depend on the species affected and the prevalence of the disease. The BCG vaccine provides protection for humans, if disease occurs treatment is with antibiotics. Chemotherapy has also been attempted in elephants and primates.
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| − | The test and slaughter policy is the only method of eradicating TB, positive reactors to the '''intradermal tuberculin test''' are culled and testing of the herd is undertaken every 3-6 months.
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| − | ==Links==
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| − | <big>'''[[Tuberculosis - Dogs|Canine Tuberculosis]]
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| − | '''[[Mycobacterium bovis|Bovine Tuberculosis]]
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| − | '''[[Mycobacterium avium|Avian Tuberculosis]]</big>
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?it=any&q1=%22mycobacterium+tuberculosis%22&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&occuring1=title&rowId=1&rowId=2&rowId=3&show=all&options1=AND&options2=AND&options3=AND&occuring3=freetext&occuring2=freetext&publishedend=yyyy&la=any&publishedstart=2000&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22&y=9&x=44 ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' publications since 2000]
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| − | [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?it=any&q2=tuberculosis&q1=mycobacterium+&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&occuring1=title&show=all&rowId=1&rowId=2&rowId=3&options1=AND&options2=OR&options3=AND&occuring3=freetext&occuring2=title&publishedend=yyyy&la=any&publishedstart=2000&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22&y=17&x=31 Tuberculosis publications since 2000]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
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| − | * Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | [[Category:Expert_Review]] | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]] |
| − | [[Category:Zoonoses]]
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| − | [[Category:Hepatitis,_Bacterial]]
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| − | [[Category:Bacterial Myositis]]
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Treatment
Description
A general term for diseases caused by the tuberculous group of bacteria, Mycobacteria species, including Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mycobacterium avium.
Infection can be via inhalation of infective droplets, ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and occasionally via coitus or via milk.
The primary focus of infection is determined by the route of infection. Characteristic granulomatous tubercles develop. These become nectrotic, shedding the infetcive which disseminates to other body systems initiating secondary foci.
Bovine Tuberculosis
Avian Tuberculosis
- Grossly:
- Histologically:
- Granuloma
- Central necrosis
- Epitheliod and giant cells at periphery
