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| − | ==Secondary Immunodeficiency== | + | ==[[Secondary Immunodeficiency]]== |
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| − | *There are many causes of secondary immunodeficiency
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| − | **Most deficiencies are not genetic
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| − | **Most are agent-induced, such as from X-ray radiation and immunosuppressive drugs
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| − | ===Viral Causes===
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| − | ====Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)====
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| − | [[Image:FeLV Electron Micrograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|FeLV Electron Micrograph [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library] Image #5610]]
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| − | [[Image:Kinetics of FeLV 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Kinetics of FeLV - Copyright Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS]]
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| − | *Oncogenic retrovirus
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| − | *Causes neoplasia (lymphoma), myelosuppression (anaemia) and immunosuppression (of [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]])
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| − | *2 strains:
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| − | **FeLV-A
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| − | ***Natural strain
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| − | **FeLV-B
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| − | ***Formed through FeLV-A recombining with endogenous retroviral sequences in the feline genome
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| − | ***Increases the risks of lymphoma
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| − | **FeLV-C
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| − | ***Formed from the spontaneous mutation of FeLV-A
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| − | ***Is more myelosuppressive
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| − | *Virus replicates in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue causing a viraemia (virus circulating in the bloodstream) which then spreads to the systemic lymphoid tissue
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| − | *Shed in saliva
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| − | *Passed by oronasal route, e.g. mutual grooming
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| − | *Kittens between 6 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible
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| − | *60% of cats will become immune to the disease and recover
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| − | *Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
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| − | *Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **ELISA
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| − | **Rapid-Immuno-Migration
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| − | **Western Blot
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| − | **Virus Isolation
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| − | **Immunofluorescence
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| − | **PCR
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| − | *Treatment:
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| − | **Antibiotics for secondary infection
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| − | **Anti-retroviral therapy
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| − | *For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
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| − |
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| − | ====Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)====
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| − | *Lentivirus
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| − | *Subtypes A, B and D
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| − | *Causes increased susceptibility to infections and neoplasia
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| − | *Specifically destroys [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|CD4+ T cells]]
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| − | *Virus is present in saliva, blood and other bodily fluids
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| − | *Feral and outdoor cats (mostly tom cats) are most at risk
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| − | *Virus replicates in lymphoid tissue
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| − | *Can remain asymptomatic
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| − | *Causes pyrexia and lymphadenopathy
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| − | *Transmitted by biting
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **ELISA
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| − | **Rapid-Immuno-Migration
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| − | **Western Blot
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| − | **Virus Isolation
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| − | **Immunofluorescence
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| − | **PCR
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| − | *Treatment:
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| − | **Antibiotics for secondary infection
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| − | **Anti-retroviral therapy
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| − | *For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
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| − |
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| − | ====Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV)====
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| − | *Lentivirus (non-oncogenic)
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| − | *Causes a persistent viral infection and lymphocytosis
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| − | *Immunocompromised cattle may develop secondary infections
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| − | *The transmission is not well known, but the following possibilities are being researched:
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| − | **Through milk
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| − | **Through infected semen (e.g.artificial insemination)
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| − | **Placental transfer
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **Western Blot
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| − | **PCR
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| − |
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| − | ===Toxic Causes===
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| − | *Poisons
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| − | ===Iatrogenic Causes===
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| − | *Drugs
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| − | **Corticosteroids
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| − | **Cyclosporin
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| − | **Cytotoxic cancer therapy
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| − |
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| − | ===Other Causes===
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| − | *Malnutrition
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| − | *Chronic disease
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| − |
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| − | *Stress
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| − |
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| − | *Senescence
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| | ==Links== | | ==Links== |