Difference between revisions of "Canine Distemper Virus"
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
− | Canine distemper is a contagious, febrile disease of canids and other carnivores caused by Canine Distemper Virus. Canine distemper virus is a | + | Canine distemper is a contagious, febrile disease of canids and other carnivores caused by Canine Distemper Virus. Canine distemper virus is a morbillivirus, within the Paramyxoviridae family, that is closely related to the measles virus, rinderpest virus and the phocine and dolphin distemper viruses. |
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− | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]] | |
+ | *Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity | ||
+ | *A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages | ||
+ | *Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection | ||
+ | *May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] where [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|inclusions]] are found within alveolar macrophages | ||
+ | *Gross pathology: | ||
+ | **Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia | ||
+ | *Micro pathology: | ||
+ | **Necrosis of pneumocytes, necrotising bronchiolitis, alveolar oedema, thickening of alveolar walls and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia | ||
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+ | Aerosol infection | ||
+ | *Infects alveolar [[Macrophages|macrophages]] or [[Oropharynx - Pathology|oropharynx]] | ||
+ | *Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects [[Monocytes|monocytes]] and dendritic cells | ||
+ | *Viraemia | ||
+ | *Spreads via [[Monocytes|monocytes]] to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus | ||
+ | *Respiratory and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain | ||
+ | *'''Clinical signs''': | ||
+ | **Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge | ||
+ | **Keratitis | ||
+ | **[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]] | ||
+ | **Severe clinical pneumonia follows secondary infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] | ||
+ | **Smelly sometimes bloody diarrhoea | ||
+ | **Eruptions on the skin including hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads (hardpad) | ||
+ | **[[PNS Repsonses to Injury - Pathology#Segmental Demyelination|Demyelination]] (especially in cerebellum) -> incoordination or muscle tremors -> paralysis and coma or convulsions -> death | ||
+ | **Encephalitis | ||
+ | **Secondary pyogenic infections associated with immunosuppression and damage to epithelia | ||
+ | **Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea | ||
+ | **The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes | ||
+ | *Variable mortality depending on virulence | ||
+ | *May occur '''subclinically''' | ||
+ | *Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death | ||
− | + | *Can contribute to [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis|Infectious Canine Tracheitis]] | |
− | + | *May be involved in [[Pancreatitis, Chronic Interstitial|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]] | |
+ | *May cause [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]] | ||
+ | *May also trigger latent [[Toxoplasma|Toxoplasmosis]] due to suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue | ||
− | + | ==Signalment== | |
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+ | *Dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink | ||
+ | *Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
− | + | *May present as series of infections | |
− | + | *'''Immunocytochemistry''' of inclusion bodies | |
− | + | **Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues | |
+ | **Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages | ||
+ | **Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals | ||
+ | *Giant cells may be seen in the alveol | ||
===Clinical Signs=== | ===Clinical Signs=== | ||
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===Laboratory Tests=== | ===Laboratory Tests=== | ||
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===Diagnostic Imaging=== | ===Diagnostic Imaging=== | ||
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===Pathology=== | ===Pathology=== | ||
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==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
− | + | *Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age | |
− | + | **Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation | |
− | + | *Homeopathic vaccines do not work | |
− | + | *Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries | |
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
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==Links== | ==Links== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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− | [[Category:Morbilliviruses]][[Category: | + | [[Category:Morbilliviruses]][[Category:Dog]] |
− | [[Category: | + | [[Category:To_Do_- Lizzie]] |
[[Category:Respiratory Viral Infections]] | [[Category:Respiratory Viral Infections]] |
Revision as of 14:34, 12 August 2010
This article is still under construction. |
Description
Canine distemper is a contagious, febrile disease of canids and other carnivores caused by Canine Distemper Virus. Canine distemper virus is a morbillivirus, within the Paramyxoviridae family, that is closely related to the measles virus, rinderpest virus and the phocine and dolphin distemper viruses.
- Rhinitis
- Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity
- A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, pharyngitis and bronchitis is relatively common in the initial stages
- Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection
- May cause interstitial pneumonia where inclusions are found within alveolar macrophages
- Gross pathology:
- Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia
- Micro pathology:
- Necrosis of pneumocytes, necrotising bronchiolitis, alveolar oedema, thickening of alveolar walls and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
Aerosol infection
- Infects alveolar macrophages or oropharynx
- Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects monocytes and dendritic cells
- Viraemia
- Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
- Respiratory and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
- Clinical signs:
- Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
- Keratitis
- Interstitial pneumonia
- Severe clinical pneumonia follows secondary infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Smelly sometimes bloody diarrhoea
- Eruptions on the skin including hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads (hardpad)
- Demyelination (especially in cerebellum) -> incoordination or muscle tremors -> paralysis and coma or convulsions -> death
- Encephalitis
- Secondary pyogenic infections associated with immunosuppression and damage to epithelia
- Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea
- The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes
- Variable mortality depending on virulence
- May occur subclinically
- Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death
- Can contribute to Infectious Canine Tracheitis
- May be involved in chronic interstitial pancreatitis
- May cause growth retardation lattice
- May also trigger latent Toxoplasmosis due to suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue
Signalment
- Dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink
- Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination
Diagnosis
- May present as series of infections
- Immunocytochemistry of inclusion bodies
- Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues
- Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages
- Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals
- Giant cells may be seen in the alveol
Clinical Signs
Laboratory Tests
Diagnostic Imaging
Pathology
Treatment
- Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age
- Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation
- Homeopathic vaccines do not work
- Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore Iscom vaccine is used in seal sanctuaries