Difference between revisions of "Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology"

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==Costae==
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|linkpage =Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology
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|linktext =Musculoskeletal System
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|maplink = Musculoskeletal System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
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=Costae=
 
[[Image:Thorax skeleton.png|thumb|right|150px|Canine thorax showing placement of mitral valve - Wikimedia Commons 2008]]
 
[[Image:Thorax skeleton.png|thumb|right|150px|Canine thorax showing placement of mitral valve - Wikimedia Commons 2008]]
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Costae are arranged in pairs and articulate with two successive vertebrae. Individual ribs have a bony dorsal part, a body of rib, and ventral costal cartilage. They increase in length, curvature and amount of cartilage craniocaudally. The cartilage of last rib may fail to join that of its neighbour and is said to be a '''floating''' rib. Costae join ventrally on the midline at the '''sternum''', which is composed of three parts, the '''manubrium''', '''sternebrae''' and '''xiphoid cartilage'''. The '''manubrium''' is the most cranial and projects beyond the first set of ribs and can be palpated in most species. The '''sternebrae''' is joined by cartilage in young animals that is later replaced by bone and is the main body joining the ribs on the midline. The '''xiphoid cartilage''' is caudal and projects between lower ends of costal arches, providing attachment for the '''linea alba'''.
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*Arranged in pairs and articulate with two successive vertebrae
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<br />
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*Bony dorsal part, body of rib, and ventral costal cartilage
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<br />
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*Increase in length, curvature and amount of cartilage craniocaudally
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There are a number of costal joints and costosternal joints. The costal joints include the '''costovertebral joint''', where the head of rib articulates with vertebral column via a ball and socket with very restricted mobility and the '''costotransverse joint''' where a tubercle articulates with the vertebra via a sliding joint. The costosternal joints include the '''interchondral joint''' that is within the rib itself and is an elastic syndesmoses and the '''intersternal joint''' which is an impermanent synchondroses between the rib and the sternum.
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*Cartilage of last rib may fail to join that of its neighbor: said to be '''floating'''
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*Join ventrally on the midline at the '''Sternum''', which is comprised of three parts
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**'''Manubrium''': most cranial, projects beyond the first set of ribs and can be palpated
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**Body: segmented '''sternebrae''' joined by cartilage in young animals that is later replaced by bone
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**'''Xiphoid Cartilage''': caudal end that projects between lower ends of costal arches, providing attachment for the '''linea alba'''
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*Costal Joints:
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**Costovertebral joint: head of rib articulates with vertebral column, ball and socket with very restricted mobility
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**Costotransverse joint: tubercle articulates with vertebra, sliding joint
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**Costosternal joints:
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***Interchondral joints: asternal ribs, elastic syndesmoses
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***Intersternal joints: impermanent synchondroses
  
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==Thoracic Musculature==
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=Thoracic Musculature=
 
[[Image: Cat diaphragm.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Cat diaphragm- Copyright Uwe Gille]]
 
[[Image: Cat diaphragm.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Cat diaphragm- Copyright Uwe Gille]]
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The thoracic muscles are primarily concerned with respiration. Inspiratory muscles enlarge the thoracic cavity whilst expiratory muscles diminish the cavity and force air out. The most important thoracic muscle is the [[Diaphragm - Anatomy & Physiology|'''''diaphragm''''']], which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is dome-shaped and convex on its cranial surface. Central tendons form the vertex of the diaphragm. In a neutral position (between full inspiration and full expiration) the diaphragm is located at the 6th rib behind the '''olecranon'''. The diaphragm attaches via a muscular periphery to the costal arch.
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*Primarily concerned with respiration
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**Inspiratory muscles enlarge the thoracic cavity
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**Expiratory muscles diminish the cavity and force air out
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*The most important thoracic muscle is the '''''Diaphragm''''', which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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**Dome-shaped, convex on its cranial surface
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**Central tendon forms the vertex
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***Neutral position (between full inspiration and full expiration): 6th rib behind the '''olecranon'''
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**Attaches via muscular periphery to the costal arch
 
[[Image: Intercostal.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Intercostal muscles with nerve and vessels- Copyright C. Clarkson and T.F. Fletcher, University of Minnesota]]
 
[[Image: Intercostal.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Intercostal muscles with nerve and vessels- Copyright C. Clarkson and T.F. Fletcher, University of Minnesota]]
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The diaphragm has three openings; the '''aortic hilus''' which conveys the aorta, azygous vein, and thoracic duct, the '''oesophageal hiatus''' which conveys the oesophagus, vagal trunks and supplying vessels and the '''caval foramen''' within central tendon conveying the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasculature|caudal vena cava]]. The diaphragm is innervated by the '''phrenic nerve''', which arises from the caudal cervical nerves (C5-C7).
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**The Diaphragm has three openings:
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***'''Aortic hilus''' conveying the aorta, azygous vien, and thoracic duct
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***'''Oesophageal hiatus''' conveying the oesophagus, vagal trunks and supplying vessels
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The '''intercostal muscles''' are external muscle fibers that run caudoventrally and internal muscle fibers run cranioventrally, although each is confined to a single intercostal space. The '''transversus thoracis''' arises from and covers the dorsal sternum and inserts on sternal ribs close to the costochondral junctions. The '''rectus thoracis''' covers the ends of the first four ribs in continuation of the '''rectus abdominus'''. The '''serratus dorsalis''' overlies the dorsal aspect of the ribs. Innervation of the intercostal muscles is supplied by the '''intercostal nerves''', which are ventral branches of the thoracic spinal nerves.
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***'''Caval foramen''' within central tendon conveying [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasculature|caudal vena cava]]
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<br />
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**Innervated by the '''phrenic nerve''', which arises from the caudal cervical nerves (C5-C7)
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<br />
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*''Intercostal muscles''
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**External fibers run caudoventrally and internal fibers run cranioventrally
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**Each is confined to a single intercostal space
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*''Transversus thoracis'' arises from and covers the dorsal sternum and inserts on sternal ribs close to the costochondral junctions
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*''Rectus thoracis'' covers the ends of the first four ribs in continuation of the ''rectus abdominus''
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*''Serratus dorsalis'' overlies the dorsal aspect of the ribs
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*Innervation of these muscles is supplied by the '''Intercostal nerves''', which are ventral branches of the thoracic spinal nerves
  
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==Abdominal Musculature==
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=Abdominal Musculature=
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The ventrolateral muscles of the abdomen create the flanks and abdominal floor. All muscles join via aponeuroses in the '''linea alba''' at midline, which runs from the [[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology#Costae|xiphoid process]] to the [[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology#Pelvic Girdle|pelvic symphysis]] via the prepubic tendon, ensheathing the '''rectus abdominus'''. The '''external abdominal oblique''' runs caudoventrally from the lateral surface of the ribs and the lumbar fascia to the linea alba. Its caudal border is thickened to form the inguinal ligament and a slit in its aponeurosis forms the superficial inguinal ring. The '''internal abdominal oblique''' runs cranioventrally from the tuber coxae and the thoracolumbar fascia to the linea alba. It forms the cranial border of the inguinal canal. The '''transversus abdominus''' is the deepest muscle of the flank, running dorsoventrally from the inner surface of the last ribs and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. The '''rectus abdominus''' forms a broad band parallel to the linea alba, arising from the ventral costal cartilages and inserting on the prepubic tendon. It also forms the medial border of the inguinal canal. The '''sublumbar muscles''' include the '''psoas minor''' which is a stabilizer of the vertebral column and may also rotate the pelvis at the sacroiliac joint, and the '''psoas major''' and '''Iliacus'''.
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*Ventrolateral Muscles: flanks and abdominal floor
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<br />
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**All muscles join via aponeuroses in the '''linea alba''' at midline, which runs from the [[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology#Costae|xiphoid process]] to the [[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology#Pelvic Girdle|pelvic symphysis]] via the prepubic tendon, ensheathing the ''rectus abdominus''
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**The ''External abdominal oblique'' runs caudoventrally from the lateral surface of the ribs and the lumbar fascia to the linea alba. Its caudal border is thickened to form the inguinal ligament and a slit in its aponeurosis forms the superficial inguinal ring.
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**The ''Internal abdominal oblique'' runs cranioventrally from the tuber coxae and the thoracolumbar fascia to the linea alba. It forms the cranial border of the inguinal canal.
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**The ''Transversus abdominus'' is the deepest muscle of the flank, running dorsoventrally from the inner surface of the last ribs and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
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**The ''Rectus abdominus'' forms a broad band parallel to the linea alba, arising from the ventral costal cartilages and inserting on the prepubic tendon. It also forms the medial border of the inguinal canal.
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*Sublumbar Muscles:
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**''Psoas minor'': stabilizer of the vertebral column, may also rotate the pelvis at the sacroiliac joint
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**''Psoas major'' and ''Iliacus'':
  
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{{Template:Learning
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=Video Links=
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|videos = [[Video: Abdominal Muscle Layers|Video: Abdominal Muscle Layers]]<br>[[Video: Abdominal musculature potcast|Abdominal musculature potcast]]<br>[[Video: Abdominal viscera of the horse dissection|Abdominal viscera of the horse dissection]]<br>[[Video: Abdominal wall potcast|Abdominal wall potcast]]<br>[[Video: Abdominal wall potcast - lateral and ventral views|Abdominal wall potcast - lateral and ventral views]]<br>[[Video: Abdominal wall potcast 2|Video: Abdominal wall potcast 2]]<br>[[Video: Equine left-sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection|Equine left-sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection]]<br>[[Video: Equine left-sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection 2|Equine left-sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection 2]]<br>[[Video: Male dog abdomen dissection|Male dog abdomen dissection]]<br>[[Video: Comparison of calcified and decalcified horse ribs|Comparison of calcified and decalcified horse ribs]]
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*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/abdominal_layers.wmv Abdominal Musculature, Pony Dissection, Copyright RVC 2008]
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|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/muscle-flashcards-abdominal-and-axial-mm-quicktime Muscle flashcards - canine abdominal and axial muscles.]
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*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/AbdominalWall.wmv Abdominal Wall, Sheep Dissection, Copyright RVC 2008]
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}}
 
  
  
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==Webinars==
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[[Category:Musculoskeletal System]]
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<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/clinical-anatomy/webinars/feed</rss>
 
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[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
 
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[[Category:A&P Done]]
 

Revision as of 12:39, 31 August 2010

()Map MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (Map)



Costae

Canine thorax showing placement of mitral valve - Wikimedia Commons 2008
  • Arranged in pairs and articulate with two successive vertebrae
  • Bony dorsal part, body of rib, and ventral costal cartilage
  • Increase in length, curvature and amount of cartilage craniocaudally
  • Cartilage of last rib may fail to join that of its neighbor: said to be floating
  • Join ventrally on the midline at the Sternum, which is comprised of three parts
    • Manubrium: most cranial, projects beyond the first set of ribs and can be palpated
    • Body: segmented sternebrae joined by cartilage in young animals that is later replaced by bone
    • Xiphoid Cartilage: caudal end that projects between lower ends of costal arches, providing attachment for the linea alba
  • Costal Joints:
    • Costovertebral joint: head of rib articulates with vertebral column, ball and socket with very restricted mobility
    • Costotransverse joint: tubercle articulates with vertebra, sliding joint
    • Costosternal joints:
      • Interchondral joints: asternal ribs, elastic syndesmoses
      • Intersternal joints: impermanent synchondroses

Thoracic Musculature

Cat diaphragm- Copyright Uwe Gille
  • Primarily concerned with respiration
    • Inspiratory muscles enlarge the thoracic cavity
    • Expiratory muscles diminish the cavity and force air out
  • The most important thoracic muscle is the Diaphragm, which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
    • Dome-shaped, convex on its cranial surface
    • Central tendon forms the vertex
      • Neutral position (between full inspiration and full expiration): 6th rib behind the olecranon
    • Attaches via muscular periphery to the costal arch
Intercostal muscles with nerve and vessels- Copyright C. Clarkson and T.F. Fletcher, University of Minnesota
    • The Diaphragm has three openings:
      • Aortic hilus conveying the aorta, azygous vien, and thoracic duct
      • Oesophageal hiatus conveying the oesophagus, vagal trunks and supplying vessels
      • Caval foramen within central tendon conveying caudal vena cava
    • Innervated by the phrenic nerve, which arises from the caudal cervical nerves (C5-C7)


  • Intercostal muscles
    • External fibers run caudoventrally and internal fibers run cranioventrally
    • Each is confined to a single intercostal space
  • Transversus thoracis arises from and covers the dorsal sternum and inserts on sternal ribs close to the costochondral junctions
  • Rectus thoracis covers the ends of the first four ribs in continuation of the rectus abdominus
  • Serratus dorsalis overlies the dorsal aspect of the ribs
  • Innervation of these muscles is supplied by the Intercostal nerves, which are ventral branches of the thoracic spinal nerves

Abdominal Musculature

  • Ventrolateral Muscles: flanks and abdominal floor
    • All muscles join via aponeuroses in the linea alba at midline, which runs from the xiphoid process to the pelvic symphysis via the prepubic tendon, ensheathing the rectus abdominus
    • The External abdominal oblique runs caudoventrally from the lateral surface of the ribs and the lumbar fascia to the linea alba. Its caudal border is thickened to form the inguinal ligament and a slit in its aponeurosis forms the superficial inguinal ring.
    • The Internal abdominal oblique runs cranioventrally from the tuber coxae and the thoracolumbar fascia to the linea alba. It forms the cranial border of the inguinal canal.
    • The Transversus abdominus is the deepest muscle of the flank, running dorsoventrally from the inner surface of the last ribs and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
    • The Rectus abdominus forms a broad band parallel to the linea alba, arising from the ventral costal cartilages and inserting on the prepubic tendon. It also forms the medial border of the inguinal canal.
  • Sublumbar Muscles:
    • Psoas minor: stabilizer of the vertebral column, may also rotate the pelvis at the sacroiliac joint
    • Psoas major and Iliacus:

Video Links

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