Difference between revisions of "Castration Complications - Horse"
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| − | =Introduction= | + | {{OpenPagesTop}} |
| − | Complications following | + | ==Introduction== |
| + | Complications following [[Castration - Horse|equine castration]] are rare, however owners should be warned of all the possible complications before the procedure to allow them to make an informed decision about the operation. This also ensures that they are able to observe and recognise any potential complications post operatively. Complications can occur within hours or take many days to develop, and owners should be advised to monitor the patient closely over this period of time. | ||
| + | If presented with a patient post castration, a full history should be obtained both from the owner and the vet who undertook the surgery if it was not yourself. | ||
| − | =Haemorrhage= | + | ==Incidence== |
| + | One UK practice reported complication rates of 22% with standing, open castration and 6% with recumbent, sterile surgery with primary scrotal wound closure<ref> Mason et al (2010) '''Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice based study comparing standing non sutured and recumbent sutured techniques''' ''Equine Veterinary Journal 2010 37(5) 468-472''</ref>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Haemorrhage== | ||
This is the most immediate and common complication and can be '''life-threatening''' depending on the '''extent''' and '''duration''' of bleeding. | This is the most immediate and common complication and can be '''life-threatening''' depending on the '''extent''' and '''duration''' of bleeding. | ||
| − | ==Prevention== | + | ===Prevention=== |
* Early morning surgery - to allow observation throughout the day | * Early morning surgery - to allow observation throughout the day | ||
* Appropriate haemostatic technique for the animal - additional haemostasis in older animals | * Appropriate haemostatic technique for the animal - additional haemostasis in older animals | ||
| Line 11: | Line 16: | ||
* High quality emasculator | * High quality emasculator | ||
| − | ==Treatment== | + | ===Treatment=== |
If pressure from '''sterile packing''' is not controlling the flow, the horse may need to be '''rapidly re-anaesthetised''' to '''locate the source''' of the haemorrhage. The blood may be from the '''large scrotal vessels''', '''external pudendal vessels''' or from the '''testicular artery'''. The scrotal wound must be '''cleaned''' and the cut ends of the testicular artery located and '''re-ligated''' if necessary. The risk of '''infection''' occurring after such an emergency is '''high''', and '''antibiotics''' will be needed. The horse must be assessed for '''blood loss''' and '''haemorrhagic shock''', and treated accordingly. | If pressure from '''sterile packing''' is not controlling the flow, the horse may need to be '''rapidly re-anaesthetised''' to '''locate the source''' of the haemorrhage. The blood may be from the '''large scrotal vessels''', '''external pudendal vessels''' or from the '''testicular artery'''. The scrotal wound must be '''cleaned''' and the cut ends of the testicular artery located and '''re-ligated''' if necessary. The risk of '''infection''' occurring after such an emergency is '''high''', and '''antibiotics''' will be needed. The horse must be assessed for '''blood loss''' and '''haemorrhagic shock''', and treated accordingly. | ||
| − | =Eventration= | + | ==Eventration== |
| − | ==Omental Eventration== | + | ===Omental Eventration=== |
| − | Small pieces of '''omentum''', '''fat''' and '''fascia''' may prolapse out of the wound. Every effort should be made to '''trim''' excessive | + | Small pieces of '''omentum''', '''fat''' and '''fascia''' may prolapse out of the wound. Every effort should be made to '''trim''' the excessive omentum, fat and fascia away during surgery; if they are found hanging from the wound, they can act as a '''route of infection''' into the wound. |
| − | ===Treatment=== | + | ====Treatment==== |
'''Small''' pieces of tissue may be cut away under '''sedation''' if they are '''fresh'''; '''larger''' pieces may require removal under '''anaesthetic''' to ensure asepsis. In these cases the '''omentum''' and '''scrotum''' should be cleaned thoroughly and then the protruding omentum should be '''pulled further out of the wound''', then '''ligated''' and '''transected'''. Rectal manipulation can then be used to return the proximal stump into the abdomen. | '''Small''' pieces of tissue may be cut away under '''sedation''' if they are '''fresh'''; '''larger''' pieces may require removal under '''anaesthetic''' to ensure asepsis. In these cases the '''omentum''' and '''scrotum''' should be cleaned thoroughly and then the protruding omentum should be '''pulled further out of the wound''', then '''ligated''' and '''transected'''. Rectal manipulation can then be used to return the proximal stump into the abdomen. | ||
| − | ===Prevention of recurrence=== | + | ====Prevention of recurrence==== |
'''Non-surgical''': the horse should be stood on a sloped plank, with the hind quarters raised higher than the front quarters for several days. | '''Non-surgical''': the horse should be stood on a sloped plank, with the hind quarters raised higher than the front quarters for several days. | ||
'''Surgical''': the edges of the incised vaginal tunic at the site of the scrotal wound are grasped using haemostatic forceps. Then, the vaginal tunic should be separated from the surrounding skin and dartos fascia, then crushed proximally and ligated and transected distally. | '''Surgical''': the edges of the incised vaginal tunic at the site of the scrotal wound are grasped using haemostatic forceps. Then, the vaginal tunic should be separated from the surrounding skin and dartos fascia, then crushed proximally and ligated and transected distally. | ||
| − | ==Intestinal Eventration== | + | ===Intestinal Eventration=== |
This complication is '''rare''' and generally only occurs following an '''open''' castration, however it is lifethreatening and immediate action is required. It may occur either as a result of '''straining post-operatively''' in the presence of '''large inguinal rings''', or '''secondary to a hernia''' present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op, but can occur up to one week following surgery. | This complication is '''rare''' and generally only occurs following an '''open''' castration, however it is lifethreatening and immediate action is required. It may occur either as a result of '''straining post-operatively''' in the presence of '''large inguinal rings''', or '''secondary to a hernia''' present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op, but can occur up to one week following surgery. | ||
| − | ===Treatment=== | + | ====Treatment==== |
'''1) If extended to the level of the thighs''': | '''1) If extended to the level of the thighs''': | ||
* Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination | * Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination | ||
| Line 42: | Line 47: | ||
* Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment | * Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment | ||
| − | =Oedema= | + | ==Oedema== |
This is clinically '''normal''' in uncomplicated cases. It can be marked and may extend to the '''front legs'''. | This is clinically '''normal''' in uncomplicated cases. It can be marked and may extend to the '''front legs'''. | ||
| − | ==Treatment== | + | ===Treatment=== |
* Cold hose the area for 10 minutes twice a day | * Cold hose the area for 10 minutes twice a day | ||
* Walk the horse for 10 minutes three times a day | * Walk the horse for 10 minutes three times a day | ||
| Line 51: | Line 56: | ||
* Breakdown of the wound edges with sterile gloved hands if severe as this allows the fluid to drain. | * Breakdown of the wound edges with sterile gloved hands if severe as this allows the fluid to drain. | ||
| − | =Infection= | + | ==Infection== |
Infection can be '''superficial''' and easily dealt with, or '''deeper''', leading to involvement of the '''vaginal tunic''' and '''scirrhous cord'''. Any suspicion of infection should be promptly investigated under sedation using a gloved hand. The owners may report a '''reduction in appetite''' and the horse have a '''stiff gait'''. The wound itself may be swollen and discharge may be present. Clinical signs include an '''increase heart rate''', '''respiratory rate''' and '''temperature''' if the infection is severe. | Infection can be '''superficial''' and easily dealt with, or '''deeper''', leading to involvement of the '''vaginal tunic''' and '''scirrhous cord'''. Any suspicion of infection should be promptly investigated under sedation using a gloved hand. The owners may report a '''reduction in appetite''' and the horse have a '''stiff gait'''. The wound itself may be swollen and discharge may be present. Clinical signs include an '''increase heart rate''', '''respiratory rate''' and '''temperature''' if the infection is severe. | ||
| − | '''Champignon''' is a specific infection that is normally caused by '' | + | '''Champignon''' is a specific infection that is normally caused by ''[[Streptococcus zooepidemicus]]''. It produces mushroom-like growths of granulation tissue from the wound. It is associated with the use of ligatures. Drainage and surgical removal of diseased tissue is necessary to treat this condition. |
| − | ==Treatment== | + | ===Treatment=== |
Local superficial infection is best dealt with by '''enlarging the incision''' sites to '''improve drainage''', '''cold hosing''' and '''walking''' as for oedema and a course of '''antibiotic''' treatment. If infection is within the vaginal tunic or spermatic cord ('''scirrhous cord'''), '''repeat surgery''' is required to '''resect all affected tissue''' and this may need to be combined with '''scrotal ablation''' if the scrotal tissue is also oedematous and infected. | Local superficial infection is best dealt with by '''enlarging the incision''' sites to '''improve drainage''', '''cold hosing''' and '''walking''' as for oedema and a course of '''antibiotic''' treatment. If infection is within the vaginal tunic or spermatic cord ('''scirrhous cord'''), '''repeat surgery''' is required to '''resect all affected tissue''' and this may need to be combined with '''scrotal ablation''' if the scrotal tissue is also oedematous and infected. | ||
| − | =Hydrocoele= | + | ==Hydrocoele== |
| − | This presents as a '''circumscribed''',''' painless swelling''' which is filled with a '''sterile''', '''clear''', '''straw-coloured fluid'''. Fluid gradually builds up | + | This presents as a '''circumscribed''',''' painless swelling''' which is filled with a '''sterile''', '''clear''', '''straw-coloured fluid'''. Fluid gradually builds up, so may not be noticed until several weeks or months after castration. It is more common with open castration. |
| − | ==Treatment== | + | ===Treatment=== |
'''Removal''' of the vaginal tunic under general anaesthesia | '''Removal''' of the vaginal tunic under general anaesthesia | ||
| − | =Persistent Stallion-like Behavior= | + | ==Persistent Stallion-like Behavior== |
This is a common problem but is rarely due to retained testicular tissue. Instead it is attributed to '''learned behaviour'''. | This is a common problem but is rarely due to retained testicular tissue. Instead it is attributed to '''learned behaviour'''. | ||
| Line 73: | Line 78: | ||
| − | =References= | + | ==References== |
| + | |||
| + | <references /> | ||
| + | |||
Pycock, JF (1997) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine''' ''Manson'' | Pycock, JF (1997) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine''' ''Manson'' | ||
RVC staff (2009) '''Urogenital system''' RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College'' | RVC staff (2009) '''Urogenital system''' RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College'' | ||
| − | Railton, D (1999) '''Complications associated with castration in the horse''' ''In | + | Railton, D (1999) '''Complications associated with castration in the horse''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 298-30'' |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | {{review}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{OpenPages}} | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Horse]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Expert Review - Horse]] |
Latest revision as of 14:20, 1 August 2012
Introduction
Complications following equine castration are rare, however owners should be warned of all the possible complications before the procedure to allow them to make an informed decision about the operation. This also ensures that they are able to observe and recognise any potential complications post operatively. Complications can occur within hours or take many days to develop, and owners should be advised to monitor the patient closely over this period of time. If presented with a patient post castration, a full history should be obtained both from the owner and the vet who undertook the surgery if it was not yourself.
Incidence
One UK practice reported complication rates of 22% with standing, open castration and 6% with recumbent, sterile surgery with primary scrotal wound closure[1].
Haemorrhage
This is the most immediate and common complication and can be life-threatening depending on the extent and duration of bleeding.
Prevention
- Early morning surgery - to allow observation throughout the day
- Appropriate haemostatic technique for the animal - additional haemostasis in older animals
- Sterile technique
- High quality emasculator
Treatment
If pressure from sterile packing is not controlling the flow, the horse may need to be rapidly re-anaesthetised to locate the source of the haemorrhage. The blood may be from the large scrotal vessels, external pudendal vessels or from the testicular artery. The scrotal wound must be cleaned and the cut ends of the testicular artery located and re-ligated if necessary. The risk of infection occurring after such an emergency is high, and antibiotics will be needed. The horse must be assessed for blood loss and haemorrhagic shock, and treated accordingly.
Eventration
Omental Eventration
Small pieces of omentum, fat and fascia may prolapse out of the wound. Every effort should be made to trim the excessive omentum, fat and fascia away during surgery; if they are found hanging from the wound, they can act as a route of infection into the wound.
Treatment
Small pieces of tissue may be cut away under sedation if they are fresh; larger pieces may require removal under anaesthetic to ensure asepsis. In these cases the omentum and scrotum should be cleaned thoroughly and then the protruding omentum should be pulled further out of the wound, then ligated and transected. Rectal manipulation can then be used to return the proximal stump into the abdomen.
Prevention of recurrence
Non-surgical: the horse should be stood on a sloped plank, with the hind quarters raised higher than the front quarters for several days.
Surgical: the edges of the incised vaginal tunic at the site of the scrotal wound are grasped using haemostatic forceps. Then, the vaginal tunic should be separated from the surrounding skin and dartos fascia, then crushed proximally and ligated and transected distally.
Intestinal Eventration
This complication is rare and generally only occurs following an open castration, however it is lifethreatening and immediate action is required. It may occur either as a result of straining post-operatively in the presence of large inguinal rings, or secondary to a hernia present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op, but can occur up to one week following surgery.
Treatment
1) If extended to the level of the thighs:
- Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination
- Wash the intestines with warm saline and antibiotic solution
- Identify the vaginal tunic and feed the intestines back through the inguinal ring with or without extending the inguinal ring cranially via a midline laparotomy
- Suture closed or pack the external inguinal ring
- If the bowel is compromised or damaged it may require resection.
- Systemic antibiotics, anti-endotoxins and fluids should be administered
2) If extended to ground and trodden:
- Hopeless prognosis
- Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment
Oedema
This is clinically normal in uncomplicated cases. It can be marked and may extend to the front legs.
Treatment
- Cold hose the area for 10 minutes twice a day
- Walk the horse for 10 minutes three times a day
- Administration of anti-inflammatories
- Breakdown of the wound edges with sterile gloved hands if severe as this allows the fluid to drain.
Infection
Infection can be superficial and easily dealt with, or deeper, leading to involvement of the vaginal tunic and scirrhous cord. Any suspicion of infection should be promptly investigated under sedation using a gloved hand. The owners may report a reduction in appetite and the horse have a stiff gait. The wound itself may be swollen and discharge may be present. Clinical signs include an increase heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature if the infection is severe.
Champignon is a specific infection that is normally caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus. It produces mushroom-like growths of granulation tissue from the wound. It is associated with the use of ligatures. Drainage and surgical removal of diseased tissue is necessary to treat this condition.
Treatment
Local superficial infection is best dealt with by enlarging the incision sites to improve drainage, cold hosing and walking as for oedema and a course of antibiotic treatment. If infection is within the vaginal tunic or spermatic cord (scirrhous cord), repeat surgery is required to resect all affected tissue and this may need to be combined with scrotal ablation if the scrotal tissue is also oedematous and infected.
Hydrocoele
This presents as a circumscribed, painless swelling which is filled with a sterile, clear, straw-coloured fluid. Fluid gradually builds up, so may not be noticed until several weeks or months after castration. It is more common with open castration.
Treatment
Removal of the vaginal tunic under general anaesthesia
Persistent Stallion-like Behavior
This is a common problem but is rarely due to retained testicular tissue. Instead it is attributed to learned behaviour.
| Castration Complications - Horse Learning Resources | |
|---|---|
 Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions |
Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 10 |
References
- ↑ Mason et al (2010) Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice based study comparing standing non sutured and recumbent sutured techniques Equine Veterinary Journal 2010 37(5) 468-472
Pycock, JF (1997) Self-Assessment Colour Review Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Manson
RVC staff (2009) Urogenital system RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, Royal Veterinary College
Railton, D (1999) Complications associated with castration in the horse In Practice 1999 21: 298-30
 |
This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing. |
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