Difference between revisions of "Dictyocaulus arnfieldi"

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{{unfinished}}
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{{OpenPagesTop}}
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{{Taxobox
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|name              =''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
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|kingdom            =
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|phylum            =
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|class              =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
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|sub-class          =
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|order              =
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|super-family      =[[Trichostrongyloidea]]
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|family            =
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|sub-family        =
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|genus              =Dictyocaulus
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|species            ='''''D. arnfieldi'''''
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}}
 
[[Image:Dictyocaulus arnfieldi.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' from horse faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
 
[[Image:Dictyocaulus arnfieldi.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' from horse faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
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Also known as: '''''Equine lungworm
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{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
 
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| Also known as:
 
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| '''Equine lungworm
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
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===Scientific Classification===
 
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{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" 
 
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| Class
 
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| Nematoda
 
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|-
 
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| Superfamily
 
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| Trichodectidae
 
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|}
 
  
 
==Hosts==
 
==Hosts==
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==Identification==
 
==Identification==
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Adults are slender, thread-like and white.  Females are larger than males at around 6.5cm in length.  The males have a small non-lobulated bursa.
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''D. arnfieldi'' are of the superfamily [[Trichostrongyloidea]].  Adults are slender, thread-like and white.  Females are larger than males at around 6.5cm in length.  The males have a small non-lobulated bursa.
  
 
The embryonated eggs are 80-100µm in length.
 
The embryonated eggs are 80-100µm in length.
  
 
==Life Cycle==
 
==Life Cycle==
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The lifecycle is not greatly known, but it is currently thought to be similar to that of ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparous]]''.
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The lifecycle is not greatly known, but it is currently thought to be similar to that of ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparus]]''.
  
 
The prepatent period is 2-3 months.
 
The prepatent period is 2-3 months.
  
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==== Epidemiology ====
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{{Learning
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*Main source of infection = donkeys (remain infected for years) - contaminate horse pasture.
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|flashcards = [[Horse_Nematode_Flashcards|Horse Nematode Flashcards]]
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*Infection can cycle in horses.
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|literature search =[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Dictyocaulus+arnfieldi%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=42&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' publications]
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]
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}}
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{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
 
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!
 
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!'''Horses'''
 
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!'''[[Lungworm - Donkey|Donkeys]]'''
 
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|-
 
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|'''Prevalence'''
 
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|10-20% 
 
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|75%
 
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|-  
 
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|'''Adult worms'''
 
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|Few
 
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|Many
 
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|-
 
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|'''Eggs in faeces'''
 
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|Often zero
 
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|Many
 
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|-
 
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|'''Period of patency'''
 
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|<8months
 
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|5+ years
 
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|-
 
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|'''Clinical signs'''
 
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|Sometimes
 
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|Rarely
 
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|}
 
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'''NOTE''': Clinical signs - chronic cough at rest or during exercise, single animal or group of horses, autumn or early winter.
 
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*''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' causes [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus arnfieldi|cough in horses]]
 
  
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==== Pathogenicity ====
 
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*Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue (several cms in diameter) surrounding small bronchus containing worms and mucopurulent exudate.
 
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*Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium.
 
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*Peribronchial "cuffing".
 
  
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==== Diagnosis ====
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{{review}}
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*Clinical signs.
 
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*Grazing history (donkey contact or shared grazing).
 
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*Faecal examination (only detects patent infections = small proportion of lungworm infections in horses):
 
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**process sample immediately = McMaster method, embryonated eggs
 
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**process sample later = Baerman technique, larvae with tail spine.
 
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*Tracheobronchial washings (large eosinophils).
 
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*Response to anthelmintic treatment (e.g. resolution of clinical signs = retrospective diagnosis).
 
  
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==== Control ====
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{{OpenPages}}
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*Do not keep horses on pastures grazed by donkeys (potential carriers).
 
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*Treat donkeys with appropriate anthelmintic in spring if grazed with horses.
 
  
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*Found in smaller [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]]
 
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*Cause of chronic cough
 
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*Donkeys are a reservoir mostly without any clinical signs
 
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*Gross pathology:
 
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**Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue surrounding small bronchus, containing worms and mucopurulent exudate
 
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**Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium
 
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**Coiled worms in small bronchi
 
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**Peribronchial cuffing
 
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**In caudal lung lobes
 
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*Histologically
 
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**Central coiled parasites and associated chronic catharral bronchitis
 
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**Goblet cell hyperplasia
 
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**Lymphoid cell infiltration
 
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*In [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]], the worms usually fail to achieve sexual maturity
 
  
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[[Category:Dictyocaulus]][[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]
  
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[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea]][[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]
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[[Category:Expert_Review]]
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
 
 
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]

Latest revision as of 17:48, 4 June 2016


Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
Class Nematoda
Super-family Trichostrongyloidea
Genus Dictyocaulus
Species D. arnfieldi
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi from horse faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Also known as: Equine lungworm

Hosts

Donkeys, and occasionally horses.

Identification

D. arnfieldi are of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea. Adults are slender, thread-like and white. Females are larger than males at around 6.5cm in length. The males have a small non-lobulated bursa.

The embryonated eggs are 80-100µm in length.

Life Cycle

The lifecycle is not greatly known, but it is currently thought to be similar to that of Dictyocaulus viviparus.

The prepatent period is 2-3 months.


Dictyocaulus arnfieldi Learning Resources
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Vetstream
To reach the Vetstream content, please select 		Canis, Felis, Lapis or Equis
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Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions 		Horse Nematode Flashcards
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Literature Search
Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract
(CABI log in required) 		Dictyocaulus arnfieldi publications



This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.



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