Difference between revisions of "Dermanyssus gallinae"

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{{Taxobox
 
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|name              =''Dermanyssus gallinae''
 
|name              =''Dermanyssus gallinae''
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|genus              =Dermanyssus
 
|genus              =Dermanyssus
 
|species            =''D.gallinae''
 
|species            =''D.gallinae''
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Also Known As: '''''Poultry Mite — Red Poultry Mite — Poultry Red Mite — Chicken Mite'''''
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==Introduction==
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[[Image:Dermanyssus.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] [[Image:Gallinae.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]
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''Dermanyssus gallinae'' are '''ectoparasitic or [[Non-Burrowing Mites|surface mites]] of poultry''' and other bird species (both wild and domesticated).
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''D. gallinae'' are superficially similar to spider mites. They are generally '''white or greyish in colour, becoming darker or redder''' when engorged with blood after feeding. They have few hairs on their body and have hooks on their long legs.
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''D. gallinae'' are considered one of the most '''serious pests''' of poultry<ref name="Chauve">Chauve, C., 1998. '''The poultry red mite ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' (De Geer, 1778): current situation and future prospects for control.''' ''Veterinary Parasitology'' 79: 239-245</ref>. Mites affect hens both directly and indirectly, where they may serve as vectors for diseases such as [[Salmonellosis]] and [[Borrelia anserina|avian spirochaetosis]]<ref name="Valiente">Valiente Moro, C., De Luna, C.J., Tod, A., Guy, J.H., Sparagano, O.A.E., Zenner, L., 2009a. '''The poultry red mite (''Dermanyssus gallinae''): a potential vector of pathogenic agents. In: Sparagano, O.A.E. (Ed.), Control of poultry mites (Dermanyssus).''' ''Exp. Appl. Acarol''. 48, 93-104.</ref>  . ''D. gallinae'' may also feed from livestock although the relationship between ''D. gallinae'' and mammalian hosts is stll poorly understood.
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''D. gallinae'' may also feed upon humans, causing dermatitis and skin lesions in people.<ref name="Cafiero">Cafiero, M.A., Camarda, A., Circella, E., Santagada, G., Schino, G., Lomuto, M., 2008. '''Pseudoscabies caused by ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' in Italian city dwellers: a new setting for an ld dermatitis.''' ''J Eur Acad Dermatl Venereol'' 22: 1382-1383.</ref>
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==Distribution==
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Japan, Australia, Brazil, and most of Northern Hemisphere including Europe and the USA.
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==Signalment==
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Though '''poultry''' (specifically laying eggs) are the primary host of ''D. gallinae'', a range of domestic and wild birds can be infested<ref> Moss, W. W (1978) '''The mite genus Dermanyssus: a survey, with description of ''Dermanyssus trochilinis'', n. sp. and a revised key to the species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssisdae)'''. ''J Med Entomology'' 14:627-640</ref>. The mites can also affect mammals and people<ref name="Cafiero"/>, particularly where cohabitation with bird species occurs. Infestations of this nature are usually transient, presenting only when preferred avian hosts become unavailable (e.g. when young birds vacate nests in loft spaces).
  
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[[File:dermanyssus.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Dermanyssus gallinae mite (García 2007, Wikimedia commons)</center></small>]]
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Chicks and young birds are more susceptible.
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[[File:gallinae.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Dermanyssus gallinae mite, 1mm long. (Furado 2007, Wikimedia commons)</center></small>]]
 
  
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''Dermanyssus gallinae'' are red [[Non-Burrowing Mites|surface mites]] of poultry. They spend most of their time '''off''' the host and the adults can survive several months without feeding. Their life cycle takes '''1 week'''. The adult and nymph mites visit poultry at night to feed.
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==Life Cycle==
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''D. gallinae'' progresses through '''5 life stages''': egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult<ref>Maurer, V., Baumgärtner, J (1992). '''Temperature influence on life table statistics of the chicken mite ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' (Acari: Dermanyssidae)'''. ''Experimental & Applied Acarology'', 15(1):27-40; 19.</ref>. All stages except larvae require a bloodmeal in order to progress to the next stage.<ref>Collins, D. S., Cawthorne, R. J. G (1976) '''Mites in poultry houses'''. ''Agric Northern Ireland,'' 51:24-26</ref>
  
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===Identification===
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Development may take '''less than a week''' under optimal conditions<ref name="Maurer">Maurer, V. & Baumgärtner, J., 1992. '''Temperature influence on life table statistics of the chicken mite ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' (Acari: Dermanyssidae)'''. ''Experimental and Applied Acarology'' 15: 27-40.</ref> . Adults spend most of their time away from the host and can survive several months without feeding.<ref name="Axtell">Axtell, R.C., 1999. '''Poultry integrated pest management; status and future.''' ''Integrated Pest Management Reviews'' 4: 53-73.</ref>  Most bloodfeeding occurs at night, with mites seeking refuge in cracks and crevices during daylight hours.
  
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Dermanyssus gallinae are spider like mites. They are white or grey in colour and become red when engorged with blood after feeding. They have few hairs on their body and have hooks on their long legs.
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==Clinical Signs==
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''Dermanyssus gallinae'' are '''blood sucking mites''', causing lesions usually found on the breast and legs of hens. For their hosts, feeding can cause '''pain,  irritation, restlessness and a decrease in egg production'''<ref name="Chauve"/>. Pustules, scales, scabs, hyperpigmentation and feather loss may develop locally. If secondary infection occurs,  lesions may also exhibit a foul odour.
  
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===Pathogenesis===
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If they are present in large numbers, ''D. gallinae'' can cause '''[[Anaemia|anaemia]]''' in hens with consequent pallor, weakness and lethargy. Pallor may be especially pronounced in the comb and wattle.
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Dermanyssus gallinae are blood sucking mites, causing lesions usually found on the breast and legs. Their presence can cause irritation, restlessness, decrease in egg production. If they are present in large numbers, they can cause anaemia. Newly hatched chicks can rapidly die if infested.
 
  
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===Treatment===
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Newly hatched chicks can rapidly die if infested.  
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The mites can be treated using Acaricide, environmental treatment and the removal of wild bird nests.
 
  
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==Test yourself with the Mites Flashcards==
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==Diagnosis==
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Diagnosis in flocks of laying hens is usually based on a '''history''' of decreasing egg production, anaemia, mortalities in young or ill birds and/or direct observation of mites either on birds or in refugia present in their vicinity (e.g. nest boxes, perches, etc.).
  
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[[Mites_Flashcards|Mites Flashcards]]
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'''Blood-spotting''' (reddish-black drops of squashed mites and/or mite faeces) of eggs may be used to diagnose ''D. gallinae'' infestation.
  
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==Literature Search==
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Finally, '''specially-designed traps''' made from corrugated cardboard traps can be used to monitor premises for ''D. gallinae''.
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[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
 
  
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==Treatment==
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Treatment of mites depends primarily upon [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]], applied directly to hens or poultry units, often between flock cycles. Many compounds are effective, but '''food hygiene regulations and withdrawal periods''' should be considered when selecting a treatment. It is advisable to alternate the compound used in order to minimise resistance, which is already emerging.
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It should be noted that Ivermectin does not work against ''D. gallinae''.
  
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Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
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==Control==
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<br><br><br>
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In addition to curative treatment with [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]], several preventative measures are recommended to control ''D. gallinae'' infestations. These include use of '''Hazard Analysis - Biological Control'''<ref name="Mul">Mul, M.F. & Koenraadt, C.J.M., 2009. '''Preventing introduction and spread of ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' in poultry facilities using the HACCP method.''' ''Experimental and Applied Acarology'' 48: 167-181</ref><ref name="Lesna">Lesna, I., Wolfs, P., Faraji, F., Roy, L., Komdeur, J & Sabelis, M.W., 2009. '''Candidate predators for biological control of the poultry red mite ''Dermanyssus gallinae''.''' ''Experimental and Applied Acarology'' 48: 63-80.</ref> agents and '''improved premise design''' <ref name="Mul1">Mul, M., van Niekerk, T., Chirico, J., Maurer, V., Kilpinen, O., Sparagano, O., Thind, B., Zoons, J., Moore, D., Bell, B., Gjevre, A.-G., Chauve, C., 2009. '''Control methods for ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' in systems for laying hens: results of an international seminar'''. ''World’s Poultry Science Journal'' 65: 589-600.</ref>.
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[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Dermanyssus+gallinae%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=39&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' publications]
 
  
  
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{{Learning
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|literature search= [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Dermanyssus+gallinae%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=39&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' publications]
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|flashcards= [[Dermanyssus gallinae Flashcards|''Dermanyssus gallinae'' Flashcards]]
  
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[[Mites Flashcards]]
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=mite Mites]
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}}
  
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[[Category:Non-Burrowing_Mites]][[Category:Poultry]]
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==References==
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<references/>
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{{CABI source
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|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=85725&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Dermanyssus gallinae'']  
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|date =21 June 2011
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<br><br><br>
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{{David George
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|date = 23/08/11
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}}
  
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{{OpenPages}}
  
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[[Category:Expert Review]]
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Birds]]
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[[Category:Zoonoses]]
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[[Category:Non-Burrowing_Mites]] [[Category:Avian Parasites]]

Latest revision as of 17:19, 4 June 2016


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Dermanyssus gallinae
Phylum Arthropoda
Order Mesostigmata
Family Dermanyssidae
Genus Dermanyssus
Species D.gallinae

Also Known As: Poultry Mite — Red Poultry Mite — Poultry Red Mite — Chicken Mite

Introduction

Dermanyssus.jpg
Gallinae.jpg

Dermanyssus gallinae are ectoparasitic or surface mites of poultry and other bird species (both wild and domesticated).

D. gallinae are superficially similar to spider mites. They are generally white or greyish in colour, becoming darker or redder when engorged with blood after feeding. They have few hairs on their body and have hooks on their long legs.

D. gallinae are considered one of the most serious pests of poultry[1]. Mites affect hens both directly and indirectly, where they may serve as vectors for diseases such as Salmonellosis and avian spirochaetosis[2] . D. gallinae may also feed from livestock although the relationship between D. gallinae and mammalian hosts is stll poorly understood.

D. gallinae may also feed upon humans, causing dermatitis and skin lesions in people.[3]

Distribution

Japan, Australia, Brazil, and most of Northern Hemisphere including Europe and the USA.

Signalment

Though poultry (specifically laying eggs) are the primary host of D. gallinae, a range of domestic and wild birds can be infested[4]. The mites can also affect mammals and people[3], particularly where cohabitation with bird species occurs. Infestations of this nature are usually transient, presenting only when preferred avian hosts become unavailable (e.g. when young birds vacate nests in loft spaces).

Chicks and young birds are more susceptible.

Life Cycle

D. gallinae progresses through 5 life stages: egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult[5]. All stages except larvae require a bloodmeal in order to progress to the next stage.[6]

Development may take less than a week under optimal conditions[7] . Adults spend most of their time away from the host and can survive several months without feeding.[8] Most bloodfeeding occurs at night, with mites seeking refuge in cracks and crevices during daylight hours.

Clinical Signs

Dermanyssus gallinae are blood sucking mites, causing lesions usually found on the breast and legs of hens. For their hosts, feeding can cause pain, irritation, restlessness and a decrease in egg production[1]. Pustules, scales, scabs, hyperpigmentation and feather loss may develop locally. If secondary infection occurs, lesions may also exhibit a foul odour.

If they are present in large numbers, D. gallinae can cause anaemia in hens with consequent pallor, weakness and lethargy. Pallor may be especially pronounced in the comb and wattle.

Newly hatched chicks can rapidly die if infested.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis in flocks of laying hens is usually based on a history of decreasing egg production, anaemia, mortalities in young or ill birds and/or direct observation of mites either on birds or in refugia present in their vicinity (e.g. nest boxes, perches, etc.).

Blood-spotting (reddish-black drops of squashed mites and/or mite faeces) of eggs may be used to diagnose D. gallinae infestation.

Finally, specially-designed traps made from corrugated cardboard traps can be used to monitor premises for D. gallinae.

Treatment

Treatment of mites depends primarily upon ectoparasiticides, applied directly to hens or poultry units, often between flock cycles. Many compounds are effective, but food hygiene regulations and withdrawal periods should be considered when selecting a treatment. It is advisable to alternate the compound used in order to minimise resistance, which is already emerging. It should be noted that Ivermectin does not work against D. gallinae.

Control

In addition to curative treatment with ectoparasiticides, several preventative measures are recommended to control D. gallinae infestations. These include use of Hazard Analysis - Biological Control[9][10] agents and improved premise design [11].



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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chauve, C., 1998. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778): current situation and future prospects for control. Veterinary Parasitology 79: 239-245
  2. ↑ Valiente Moro, C., De Luna, C.J., Tod, A., Guy, J.H., Sparagano, O.A.E., Zenner, L., 2009a. The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): a potential vector of pathogenic agents. In: Sparagano, O.A.E. (Ed.), Control of poultry mites (Dermanyssus). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 48, 93-104.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cafiero, M.A., Camarda, A., Circella, E., Santagada, G., Schino, G., Lomuto, M., 2008. Pseudoscabies caused by Dermanyssus gallinae in Italian city dwellers: a new setting for an ld dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatl Venereol 22: 1382-1383.
  4. ↑ Moss, W. W (1978) The mite genus Dermanyssus: a survey, with description of Dermanyssus trochilinis, n. sp. and a revised key to the species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssisdae). J Med Entomology 14:627-640
  5. ↑ Maurer, V., Baumgärtner, J (1992). Temperature influence on life table statistics of the chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Experimental & Applied Acarology, 15(1):27-40; 19.
  6. ↑ Collins, D. S., Cawthorne, R. J. G (1976) Mites in poultry houses. Agric Northern Ireland, 51:24-26
  7. ↑ Maurer, V. & Baumgärtner, J., 1992. Temperature influence on life table statistics of the chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 15: 27-40.
  8. ↑ Axtell, R.C., 1999. Poultry integrated pest management; status and future. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 4: 53-73.
  9. ↑ Mul, M.F. & Koenraadt, C.J.M., 2009. Preventing introduction and spread of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry facilities using the HACCP method. Experimental and Applied Acarology 48: 167-181
  10. ↑ Lesna, I., Wolfs, P., Faraji, F., Roy, L., Komdeur, J & Sabelis, M.W., 2009. Candidate predators for biological control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Experimental and Applied Acarology 48: 63-80.
  11. ↑ Mul, M., van Niekerk, T., Chirico, J., Maurer, V., Kilpinen, O., Sparagano, O., Thind, B., Zoons, J., Moore, D., Bell, B., Gjevre, A.-G., Chauve, C., 2009. Control methods for Dermanyssus gallinae in systems for laying hens: results of an international seminar. World’s Poultry Science Journal 65: 589-600.


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This article was originally sourced from The Animal Health & Production Compendium (AHPC) published online by CABI during the OVAL Project.

The datasheet was accessed on 21 June 2011.

This article has been expert reviewed by Dr. David George

Date reviewed: 23/08/11



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