Difference between revisions of "Pemphigus Vulgaris"
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+ | == Introduction == | ||
+ | Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune disease of the skin, which is very rare in all animals. The autoantigen responsible for causing disease dictates where the lesions will be seen, as this is where the inflammatory response to the autoantigen will occur. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pemphigus vulgaris causes '''intraepidermal vesicular dermatitis'''. An autoantibody to cadherin adhesion molecules (called desmogleins) in the epidermis causes seperation of keratinocytes (acantholysis). This leads to a blister or pustule forming. In Pemphigus vulgaris, there is suprabasilar clefting as a consequence of acantholysis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The disease is characterised by vesicles (and bullae), erosions and ulcers. The '''oral cavity is affected in around 90% of cases''' and the ears, mucocutaneous junction, groin, axilla and claws are also affected. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Signalment == | ||
+ | The disease can occur in any animal, though is most commonly seen in the dog. There are no breed predilections. It is thought that females are more prone to autoimmune diseases than males. Autoimmune diseases tend to first present when the animal is around 1 - 3 years of age. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Clinical Signs == | ||
+ | Vesicles, erosions and ulcers will be present in some or all of the areas mentioned above. There will likely be secondary bacterial infection, which may complicate clinical signs and cause pustules, erythema and pruritus. If the disease is very severe, pyrexia, lethargy and depression may also be seen. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Diagnosis == | ||
+ | History and clinical signs may add this disease to the differential list, but many other diseases will need to be eliminated first, such as [[Adverse Drug Reactions|drug reactions]], [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus|systemic lupus erythematosus]] and bacterial diseases (if secondary bacterial infection is present). | ||
+ | |||
+ | A '''biopsy''' should be taken and will show some inflammatory cells and rows of basal cells forming base of blister, with a suprabasilar split. These signs are indicative of the disease. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Treatment == | ||
+ | The disease is difficult to treat and often aggressive therapy is required. Often high doses of immunosuppressive drugs such as systemic glucocorticoids will be required, but this can affect the general health of the animal, so compromising decisions have to be made. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Prognosis == | ||
+ | Guarded. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == References == | ||
+ | Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999)''' Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary '''(2nd Edition) ''Elsevier Science'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bond, R. (2008) '''Veterinary Dermatology Study Guide, '''''Royal Veterinary College'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Foster, A, and Foll, C. (2003) '''BSAVA small animal dermatology '''(second edition), ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition),'' Merial '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {{review}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{OpenPages}} | ||
[[Category:Antibody Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]] | [[Category:Antibody Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]] | ||
− | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Expert Review - Small Animal]] |
Latest revision as of 12:31, 9 August 2012
Introduction
Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune disease of the skin, which is very rare in all animals. The autoantigen responsible for causing disease dictates where the lesions will be seen, as this is where the inflammatory response to the autoantigen will occur.
Pemphigus vulgaris causes intraepidermal vesicular dermatitis. An autoantibody to cadherin adhesion molecules (called desmogleins) in the epidermis causes seperation of keratinocytes (acantholysis). This leads to a blister or pustule forming. In Pemphigus vulgaris, there is suprabasilar clefting as a consequence of acantholysis.
The disease is characterised by vesicles (and bullae), erosions and ulcers. The oral cavity is affected in around 90% of cases and the ears, mucocutaneous junction, groin, axilla and claws are also affected.
Signalment
The disease can occur in any animal, though is most commonly seen in the dog. There are no breed predilections. It is thought that females are more prone to autoimmune diseases than males. Autoimmune diseases tend to first present when the animal is around 1 - 3 years of age.
Clinical Signs
Vesicles, erosions and ulcers will be present in some or all of the areas mentioned above. There will likely be secondary bacterial infection, which may complicate clinical signs and cause pustules, erythema and pruritus. If the disease is very severe, pyrexia, lethargy and depression may also be seen.
Diagnosis
History and clinical signs may add this disease to the differential list, but many other diseases will need to be eliminated first, such as drug reactions, systemic lupus erythematosus and bacterial diseases (if secondary bacterial infection is present).
A biopsy should be taken and will show some inflammatory cells and rows of basal cells forming base of blister, with a suprabasilar split. These signs are indicative of the disease.
Treatment
The disease is difficult to treat and often aggressive therapy is required. Often high doses of immunosuppressive drugs such as systemic glucocorticoids will be required, but this can affect the general health of the animal, so compromising decisions have to be made.
Prognosis
Guarded.
References
Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition) Elsevier Science Bond, R. (2008) Veterinary Dermatology Study Guide, Royal Veterinary College
Foster, A, and Foll, C. (2003) BSAVA small animal dermatology (second edition), British Small Animal Veterinary Association
Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial
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