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Oesophageal neoplasia is very rare accounting for less than 0.5% of all cancer, except where ''Spirocerca lupi'' is endemic (Africa and South-eastern USA). The most frequently reported types of neoplasm are:
Oesophageal neoplasia is very rare accounting for less than 0.5% of all cancer, except where ''Spirocerca lupi'' is endemic (Africa and South-eastern USA). The most frequently reported types of neoplasm are:
* Squamous cell carcinoma - usually appears as an annualar thickening in the middle third of the oesophagus, anterior to the heart.
* Leiomyosarcoma
* Fibrosarcoma
* Osteosarcoma
* (Plasmacytoma)
* (Local invasion of paraoesophageal tumours e.g. thryoid)
* (Leiomyoma - benign, most frequently in the caudal oesophagus and cardia)
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
* Hypertrophic osteopathy as a paraneoplastic syndrome - particulary those with sarcomas with ''Spirocerca lupi'' aetiology
* Hypertrophic osteopathy as a paraneoplastic syndrome - particulary those with sarcomas with ''Spirocerca lupi'' aetiology
===Plain Radiography===
===Plain Radiography===
A mass, intra-luminal gas retention or oesophageal stricture with a cranial dilation are not always visible. Contrast studies is requried to
A mass, intra-luminal gas retention or oesophageal stricture with a cranial dilation are not always visible. Contrast studies may requried to define mucosal irregularities and strictures. Swallowing defects and regurgitation can be assessed via fluoroscopy.
===Advanced Imaging Techniques===
CT and MRI can be useful in defining the full extent of the lesion.
===Endoscopy and Biopsy===
Endoscopy can allow visualisation of the mass. Several biopsies should be taken.
===Surgery and Biopsy===
Samples can also be taken via thoracotomy or cervical exploration.
===Faecal Analysis===
Ova of ''Spirocerca lupi'' can be found in the faeces.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==