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| | {{review}} | | {{review}} |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour =EED2EE
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| − | |linkpage =Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology
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| − | |linktext =Reproductive System
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| − | |maplink = Reproductive System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
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| − | |sublink1=Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology#Parturition
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| − | |subtext1=PARTURITION
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| | ==Stages of Parturition== | | ==Stages of Parturition== |
| | The following table summarises the normal time taken to progress through the stages of parturition in different species. | | The following table summarises the normal time taken to progress through the stages of parturition in different species. |
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| − | = Parturition Behaviour = | + | == Parturition Behaviour == |
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| − | == Mare == | + | === [[Parturition Behaviour - Mare|Mare]] === |
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| − | === Stage 1 ===
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| − | * Mammary hypertrophy, waxing of the teats and possible escape of milk from the glands.
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| − | * Patchy sweating behind the elbows and around the flanks.
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| − | ** Commences ~4 hours before the birth of the foal and increases as the stage progresses.
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| − | * Yawns
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| − | * No indication of pain.
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| − | * Food is taken readily
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| − | * Respirations are normal
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| − | * Pulse is ~60
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| − | * Body temperature may become slightly subnormal (36.5-37◦C).
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| − | * Restlessness, wanders aimlessly.
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| − | * Tail is frequently raised or held to one side.
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| − | * May swish the tail or slap it against the anus.
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| − | * Kicking of the abdomen
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| − | * Towards the end of this stage:
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| − | ** Crouching
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| − | ** Straddling of hindlimbs
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| − | ** Going down on knees or sternum and rising again
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| − | ** Glancing at flank
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| − | * This stage terminates with the rupture of the allantochorionic membrane and the escape of allantoic fluid from the vulva.
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| − | ** No visible straining during this period.
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| − |
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| − | === Stage 2 ===
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| − | * Abrupt onset, lasts~17 minutes
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| − | * Appearance of the amnion or commencement of forceful straining
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| − | ** Not much delay between them, often coincide.
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| − | * Soon after straining begins, the mare goes down.
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| − | * Lies on her side with the limbs extended
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| − | ** Generally remains in this position until the foal is born.
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| − | * Transperent blue/white 'water bag' (amnion) visible at the vulva
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| − | * Quickly followed by the appearance in it of a digit.
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| − | * Straining at regular intervals.
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| − | ** Each comprises 3/4 powerful expulsive efforts followed by a period of rest.
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| − | ** Generally 3 minutes long
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| − | * One forelimb procedes the other by 7-8cm
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| − | ** One elbow passes through the pelvic inlet before the other preventing minimal obstruction.
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| − | * Head is usually in the oblique position, but may be transverse with the cheek lying on the limbs.
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| − | * Greates and longest effort is with birth of the head.
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| − | * After expulsion of the foal, the mare may remain on her side exhausted for up to 30 minutes.
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| − | * Umbillical cord is intact when the foal is born.
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| − | ** Subsequently ruptures 5-8cm below the belly due to movement of the mare or foal.
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| − | * Foal is usually born within the amnion, which is ruptured by movements of the forelegs.
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| − | * Lower portions of the hindlimbs often remain within the vagina for minutes after the rest of the foal is born.
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| − |
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| − | === Stage 3 ===
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| − | * Membranes expelled quickly after the birth of the foal.
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| − | * Usually within 3 hours.
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| − | * Duration of stage 3 is ~30 minutes.
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| − | * Afterbirth is expelled by myometrial contractions with no straining.
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| | == Cow == | | == Cow == |
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| − | [[Category:Reproductive System]] | + | [[Category:Parturition]] |