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Tritrichomonas foetus (view source)

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~~='''''Tritrichomonas foetus'''''=~~

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~~{{review}}~~

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{{Taxobox

|kingdom =Protista

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|phylum =Protozoa

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|phylum =[[:Category:Protozoa|Protozoa]]

|sub-phylum =Sarcomastigophora

|sub-class =

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|species =''T. foetus'' and more

}}

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Also known as: '''''Trichomonas foetus'''''

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'''''~~Also Known As~~''''' ~~— Trichomoniasis —~~ Trichomonosis ~~— Tritrichomoniasis~~

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'''''Relevant Links''''' [[Trichomonosis - Cattle]]

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~~'''''Relevant Links''''' [[Trichomonosis - Cattle]], [[Avian Trichomoniasis]], [[Trichomonas gallinae]]~~

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==Introduction==

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[[File:Trichomonas.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Trichomonas sp with giemsa staining. Note the anterior flagellae and undulating membrane (source - Wikimedia Commons)]]

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[[File:Trichomonas.JPG|thumb|200px|right|''Trichomonas'' sp. with giemsa staining. Note the anterior flagellae and undulating membrane (source - Wikimedia Commons)]]

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=='''~~Introduction~~'~~''==~~

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''Tritirchomonas foetus'' are [[:Category:Protozoa|protozoal pathogens]] causing disease primarily in cattle and felids. They are identifiable by theiir pear-like shape, three anterior flagellae (recurrent flagellum) and an undulating membrane on one side.

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~~Protozoal~~ pathogens causing disease primarily in cattle and felids.

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~~Identifiable~~ by ~~its~~ pear-like shape, three anterior flagellae (recurrent flagellum) and an undulating membrane on one side.

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==~~'''~~Lifecycle and Transmission~~'''~~==

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==Lifecycle and Transmission==

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===~~='''~~Cattle~~'''=~~===

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===Cattle===

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Tritrichomonas foetus is a venereal disease in cattle causing early embryonic death and abortion.

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Tritrichomonas foetus is a [[Trichomonosis - Cattle|venereal disease in cattle]] causing early embryonic death and abortion.

The protozoa resides on the surface and in the lumen of the female reproductive tract and in the crypt of penile epithelial cells. Transmission is achieved from infected individuals during mating and direct contact.

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T foetus has no known cyst stage, although carrier cows occur very rarely and the pathogenesis of th carrier state is unknown. Therefore, trophozoites replicate simply by binary fission. It is thought that T foetus feeds from host lipids and fatty acids <ref>Beach DH, Holz GGJr, Singh BN, Lindmark DG, 1991. '''Phospholipid metabolism of cultured Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus'''.Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 44(1:97-108;19)</ref>

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T foetus ~~is sometimes isolated from foetal gut~~ and ~~lung but this is unlikely to be due to invasion and more likely due to swallowing or inhalation~~ of ~~amniotic fluid in utero.~~

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''T. foetus'' has no known cyst stage, although carrier cows occur very rarely and the pathogenesis of th carrier state is unknown. Therefore, trophozoites replicate simply by binary fission. It is thought that ''T. foetus'' feeds from host lipids and fatty acids <ref>Beach DH, Holz GGJr, Singh BN, Lindmark DG, 1991. '''Phospholipid metabolism of cultured ''Trichomonas vaginalis'' and Tritrichomonas foetus'''. ''Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology'', 44(1:97-108;19)</ref>

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~~===='''Cats'''====~~

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~~Tritrichomonas foetus~~ is ~~transmitted via the faecal: oral route in cats~~. ~~Behaviours such as grooming may aid transmission~~ by ~~direct contact~~. ~~The venereal route~~ is ~~unproven in cats~~.

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=='''~~Disease~~'''==

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'''''~~Cattle~~'''''

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~~Tritrichomoniasis is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health~~ (~~[http~~:/~~/www.oie.int/ OIE])~~

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~~Proteinases secreted by~~ T foetus ~~degrade substrates such as fibrinogen, albumin~~ and ~~immunoglobulins, thus altering the biological environment~~ and ~~resulting~~ in ~~embryonic death~~.

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''T. foetus'' is sometimes isolated from foetal gut and lung but this is unlikely to be due to invasion and more likely due to swallowing or inhalation of amniotic fluid in utero.

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~~Pyometra is occasionally observed in females but males show no clinical signs.~~

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~~For more information see [[Trichomonosis - Cattle]]~~

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~~'''''~~Cats''''~~' - [[Diarrhoea]] caused~~ by ~~colonisation of the large intestine~~. ~~Recovery~~ is ~~slow but longterm prognosis is good. Reports of resistance and success are available for most anthelmintic and antibiotic therapies~~.

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===Cats===

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''Tritrichomonas foetus'' is transmitted via the faecal: oral route in cats. Behaviours such as grooming may aid transmission by direct contact. The venereal route is unproven in cats.

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~~'''''~~Other ~~species'~~''''

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==Other ''Tritrichomonas'' spp.==

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~~[[Trichomonas gallinae]] - Fatal disease in birds causing necrotic yellow lesions in upper Gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology|crop]]~~.

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Others such as ''Trichomonas suis'' and ''Trichomonas vaginalis'' reside as commensals, usually in the gastrointestinal tract of other species such as pigs and guinea pigs respectively. ''[[Trichomonas gallinae]]'' occurs in birds.

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~~Transmitted to domesticated chickens and turkeys from infected wild pigeons~~

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Others such as [[Trichomonas suis]] and [[Trichomonas vaginalis]] reside as commensals, usually in the gastrointestinal tract of other species such as pigs and guinea pigs respectively.

=References=

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Feline Advisory Bureau, '''Tritrichomonas infection in cats''', accessed 02/06/2011 @ http://www.fabcats.org/breeders/infosheets/tritrichomonas/

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Wright, I.(2010)'''Tritrichomonas foetus: Jumping the Species Barrier''', UK Vet, Vol 15, 1-3.

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Wright, I.(2010) '''Tritrichomonas foetus: Jumping the Species Barrier''', ''UK Vet'', Vol 15, 1-3.

==Test yourself with the Protozoa Flashcards==

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[[Protozoa_Flashcards#Other_Important_Protozoa|Protozoa Flashcards]]

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[[Category:Miscellaneous_Protozoa]]

[[Category:To_Do_- Steph]]

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

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