Difference between revisions of "Anaplasmas"
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{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| − | |name = Anaplasma spp | + | |name = ''Anaplasma'' spp |
|kingdom = Monera | |kingdom = Monera | ||
| − | |sub-kingdom = Bacteria | + | |sub-kingdom = [[Bacteria]] |
|phylum = Proteobacteria | |phylum = Proteobacteria | ||
|super-class = | |super-class = | ||
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|sub-class = | |sub-class = | ||
|super-order = | |super-order = | ||
| − | |order = Rickettsiales | + | |order = [[Rickettsiales]] |
|sub-order = | |sub-order = | ||
|super-family = | |super-family = | ||
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|sub-family = | |sub-family = | ||
|genus = Anaplasma | |genus = Anaplasma | ||
| − | |species = Anaplasma marginale and others | + | |species = ''Anaplasma marginale'' and others |
}} | }} | ||
| − | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
[[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rickettsial pathogens inside tick haemolymph cells. Source - Wikimedia Commons]] | [[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rickettsial pathogens inside tick haemolymph cells. Source - Wikimedia Commons]] | ||
| + | ''Anaplasma'' species are '''[[Rickettsiales | rickettsial]] [[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' pathogens that reside within host '''[[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]]'''. | ||
| − | + | ''Anaplasmas'' cause '''[[Anaplasmosis]]''' and have worldwide distribution due to their wide range of vectors. Disease is most common in '''tropical''' regions. | |
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==Lifecycle== | ==Lifecycle== | ||
| − | Anaplasmas are transmitted by a wide range of '''[[Ticks | tick]]''' species and other insects including the '''[[Ceratopogonidae | Culicoides midge]]''' and other biting flies. | + | ''Anaplasmas'' are transmitted by a wide range of '''[[Ticks |tick]]''' species and other insects including the '''[[Ceratopogonidae |''Culicoides'' midge]]''' and other [[:Category:Biting Flies|biting flies]]. |
| − | '''Maturation''' can occur only in '''tick''' hosts, | + | '''Maturation''' can occur only in '''tick''' hosts, flies acting as solely '''mechanical''' vectors. |
Infectious bacteria reside and replicate within the '''salivary gland''' of the vector and are transmitted to mammalian hosts during bloodfeeding. | Infectious bacteria reside and replicate within the '''salivary gland''' of the vector and are transmitted to mammalian hosts during bloodfeeding. | ||
| − | Infected [[erythrocytes]] are disrupted and release bodies which can then invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form '''vacuoles''' within the cytoplasmic membranes of the [[erythrocytes | red blood cells]] and then undergo '''binary fission''' to form dense blue-purple round/cube shaped '''inclusion bodies'''. | + | Infected [[erythrocytes]] are disrupted and release bodies which can then invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form '''vacuoles''' within the cytoplasmic membranes of the [[erythrocytes|red blood cells]] and then undergo '''binary fission''' to form dense blue-purple round/cube shaped '''inclusion bodies'''. |
This '''amplifies''' infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed. | This '''amplifies''' infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed. | ||
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[[Anaplasmosis]] in domestic and wild ruminants and deer causes profound '''anaemia, emaciation, haematuria''' and consequent '''respiratory''' and '''neurological''' signs. | [[Anaplasmosis]] in domestic and wild ruminants and deer causes profound '''anaemia, emaciation, haematuria''' and consequent '''respiratory''' and '''neurological''' signs. | ||
| − | ==Anaplasma marginale== | + | ==''Anaplasma marginale''== |
Most (70-80%) inclusion bodies are found at or close to the border of the erythrocyte. | Most (70-80%) inclusion bodies are found at or close to the border of the erythrocyte. | ||
Infects '''cattle''' causing '''severe''' [[Anaplasmosis | anaplasmosis]]. | Infects '''cattle''' causing '''severe''' [[Anaplasmosis | anaplasmosis]]. | ||
| − | == Anaplasma centrale== | + | ==''Anaplasma centrale''== |
Infects primarily cattle. | Infects primarily cattle. | ||
Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells. | Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells. | ||
| − | ==Anaplasma mesaeterum and ovis== | + | ==''Anaplasma mesaeterum'' and ''ovis''== |
Infect mainly sheep and goats. | Infect mainly sheep and goats. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''''Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. mesaenterium, A. ovis'' datasheets''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ | |
| − | Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Anaplasma marginale | ||
| − | |||
| − | [[Category: | + | {{review}} |
| + | [[Category:Rickettsiales]] | ||
| + | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]] | ||
Revision as of 14:23, 4 June 2011
| Anaplasma spp | |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Monera |
| Sub-kingdom | Bacteria |
| Phylum | Proteobacteria |
| Order | Rickettsiales |
| Family | Ehrlichiaceae |
| Genus | Anaplasma |
| Species | Anaplasma marginale and others |
Introduction
Anaplasma species are rickettsial bacterial pathogens that reside within host erythrocytes.
Anaplasmas cause Anaplasmosis and have worldwide distribution due to their wide range of vectors. Disease is most common in tropical regions.
Lifecycle
Anaplasmas are transmitted by a wide range of tick species and other insects including the Culicoides midge and other biting flies.
Maturation can occur only in tick hosts, flies acting as solely mechanical vectors.
Infectious bacteria reside and replicate within the salivary gland of the vector and are transmitted to mammalian hosts during bloodfeeding.
Infected erythrocytes are disrupted and release bodies which can then invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form vacuoles within the cytoplasmic membranes of the red blood cells and then undergo binary fission to form dense blue-purple round/cube shaped inclusion bodies.
This amplifies infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed.
For more information on ticks as disease vectors, se Tick Disease Transmission.
Pathogenesis
Anaplasmosis causes haemolytic anaemia by damaging erythrocytes.
Diseases
Anaplasmosis in domestic and wild ruminants and deer causes profound anaemia, emaciation, haematuria and consequent respiratory and neurological signs.
Anaplasma marginale
Most (70-80%) inclusion bodies are found at or close to the border of the erythrocyte. Infects cattle causing severe anaplasmosis.
Anaplasma centrale
Infects primarily cattle.
Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.
Anaplasma mesaeterum and ovis
Infect mainly sheep and goats.
Usually cause mild disease only.
Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.
References
Animal Health & Production Compendium, Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. mesaenterium, A. ovis datasheets, accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
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This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing. |