Difference between revisions of "Mycoplasma synoviae"
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|species = ''M.synoviae'' | |species = ''M.synoviae'' | ||
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| − | + | Also Known As: '''''Infectious Synovitis''''' — '''''Avian Mycoplasmosis''''' — '''''Infectious Sinusitis''''' — '''''Mycoplasma Arthritis''''' | |
| − | Also Known As | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| − | ''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and '''respiratory''' system of '''birds'''. | + | ''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria |bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''respiratory''' system of '''birds''']]. It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas |mycoplasma]] genus of bacteria. |
| − | It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas | mycoplasma]] | ||
| − | It is closely related to [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum | ''M. | + | It is closely related to [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum |''M. gallisepticum'']] which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. |
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''. | ''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''. | ||
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Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds. | Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds. | ||
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==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
| − | + | The bacterium affects mainly '''chickens''' and turkeys, with chickens being the most susceptible. It can also affect game and wild birds. | |
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==Clinical Signs== | ==Clinical Signs== | ||
| − | Most birds exhibit '''lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet and a stiff gait. | + | Most birds exhibit '''lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet and a stiff gait. '''Dehydration and decreased production''' usually manifest and birds are reluctant to move. |
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| − | '''Dehydration and decreased production''' usually manifest and birds are reluctant to move. | ||
'''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''' and open mouth breathing are common but non-specific. | '''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''' and open mouth breathing are common but non-specific. | ||
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==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not | + | Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not pathognomonic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary. |
On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident. | On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident. | ||
| − | Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds. | + | Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds. If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken. |
| − | If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken. | + | |
| + | ''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''[[immunofluorescence]]''' and '''PCR'''. | ||
| − | '' | + | [[ELISA testing |'''ELISA''']] can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation. |
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==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo. | ''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo. | ||
Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation. | Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation. | ||
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==Control== | ==Control== | ||
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics. | Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics. | ||
No vaccine is available and infection is difficult to control due its aerosolic, vertical and contact transmission. | No vaccine is available and infection is difficult to control due its aerosolic, vertical and contact transmission. | ||
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{{Learning | {{Learning | ||
| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A | + | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Mycoplasma+synoviae%22%29 ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' publications] |
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|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards | ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' Flashcards]] | |flashcards = [[Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards | ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' Flashcards]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
| − | Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Mycoplasma synoviae | + | Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''''Mycoplasma synoviae'' datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ |
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| − | + | Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''''Mycoplasma synoviae'' infections datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ | |
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| + | {{review}} | ||
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]] | [[Category:Mycoplasmas]] | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Avian Bacteria]] |
| + | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]] | ||
| + | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]] | ||
Revision as of 23:03, 20 June 2011
| Mycoplasma synoviae | |
|---|---|
| Phylum | Firmicutes |
| Class | Mollicutes |
| Order | Mycoplasmatales |
| Family | Mycoplasmataceae |
| Genus | Mycoplasma |
| Species | M.synoviae |
Also Known As: Infectious Synovitis — Avian Mycoplasmosis — Infectious Sinusitis — Mycoplasma Arthritis
Introduction
M. synoviae causes bacterial disease affecting the joints, bones and respiratory system of birds. It is one of the mycoplasma genus of bacteria.
It is closely related to M. gallisepticum which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry.
M. synoviae is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in egg production.
Distribution
Thought to likely be worldwide but recording is unreliable.
Mycoplasma can be transmitted to progeny through eggs and through direct and indirect contact between birds.
Signalment
The bacterium affects mainly chickens and turkeys, with chickens being the most susceptible. It can also affect game and wild birds.
Clinical Signs
Most birds exhibit lameness, abnormal curvature of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet and a stiff gait. Dehydration and decreased production usually manifest and birds are reluctant to move.
Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge and open mouth breathing are common but non-specific.
Torticollis and other neurological signs may occur in some severe cases.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs and necropsy findings are suggestive but not pathognomonic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.
On post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis with a caseous exudate are evident.
Bacteria can be isolated and cultured from wet swabs of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds. If sampling a dead bird, sterile samples of synovial fluid and air sac samples should be taken.
M. synoviae can then be definitively identified by immunofluorescence and PCR.
ELISA can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation.
Treatment
M. synoviae is susceptible to tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin and oxytetacyclines in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.
Eggs can be dipped in cold chlortetracycline antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or heat treated to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.
Control
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of M. synoviae to antibiotics.
No vaccine is available and infection is difficult to control due its aerosolic, vertical and contact transmission.
| Mycoplasma synoviae Learning Resources | |
|---|---|
 Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions |
Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards |
 Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract (CABI log in required) |
Mycoplasma synoviae publications |
References
Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, Mycoplasma synoviae datasheet, accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, Mycoplasma synoviae infections datasheet, accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
 |
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