Difference between revisions of "Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter"
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| − | Also known as: '''''SDF — Thumps — Exhausted | + | Also known as: '''''SDF — Thumps — Exhausted Horse syndrome''''' |
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| − | Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter is a condition characterised by '''unilateral or bilateral contraction of the horse's diaphragm'''. It results from electrolyte losses that occur during '''physical exertion''' or from '''hypocalcaemic tetany''' or hypocalcaemia secondary to blister beetle toxicosis. | + | Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter is a condition characterised by '''unilateral or bilateral contraction of the horse's diaphragm'''. It results from electrolyte losses that occur during '''physical exertion''' or from '''hypocalcaemic tetany''' or [[hypocalcaemia]] secondary to blister beetle toxicosis. |
This syndrome is often seen in horses participating in competitive '''trail and endurance races''' or on long-distance rides. | This syndrome is often seen in horses participating in competitive '''trail and endurance races''' or on long-distance rides. | ||
| − | A decrease in the plasma calcium, chloride and/or potassium concentration, or a body deficit of these electrolytes, '''sensitises the phrenic nerve to the depolarising electrical activity of the adjacent myocardium'''. Therefore the involuntary diaphragmatic contraction and "thump" are '''synchronous with the heartbeat''' and not with the breathing cycle. | + | A decrease in the plasma calcium, chloride and/or potassium concentration, or a body deficit of these electrolytes, '''sensitises the [[Diaphragm - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|phrenic nerve]] to the depolarising electrical activity of the adjacent myocardium'''. Therefore the involuntary diaphragmatic contraction and "thump" are '''synchronous with the heartbeat''' and not with the breathing cycle. |
| − | This can occur during or following physical exertion, severe diarrhoea or colic, or following prolonged surgery and anaesthesia. | + | This can occur during or following physical exertion, severe diarrhoea or [[:Category:Colic in Horses|colic]], or following prolonged surgery and anaesthesia. |
| − | ==Clinical | + | ==Clinical Signs== |
Pathognomonic clinical signs include: '''sudden bilateral or unilateral movement of the horse's flanks''' (and sometimes hindlimbs) each time the heart beats. The "thump" can usually be '''heard or palpated over the thorax or flanks'''. | Pathognomonic clinical signs include: '''sudden bilateral or unilateral movement of the horse's flanks''' (and sometimes hindlimbs) each time the heart beats. The "thump" can usually be '''heard or palpated over the thorax or flanks'''. | ||
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Typical '''biochemical abnormalities''' include: '''hypoglycaemia''', increased fatty acid concentrations, '''hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hyperphosphataemia'''. | Typical '''biochemical abnormalities''' include: '''hypoglycaemia''', increased fatty acid concentrations, '''hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hyperphosphataemia'''. | ||
| − | Blood lactate and | + | Blood lactate and creatine kinase might be moderately elevated. |
'''Dehydration''' might also be observed. | '''Dehydration''' might also be observed. | ||
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Stashak, T. (2002) '''Adams' Lameness in Horses''' ''Wiley-Blackwell'' | Stashak, T. (2002) '''Adams' Lameness in Horses''' ''Wiley-Blackwell'' | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | |
| − | [[Category: | + | {{review}} |
| + | [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Horse]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Expert Review - Horse]] | ||
Revision as of 15:03, 22 August 2011
Also known as: SDF — Thumps — Exhausted Horse syndrome
Introduction
Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter is a condition characterised by unilateral or bilateral contraction of the horse's diaphragm. It results from electrolyte losses that occur during physical exertion or from hypocalcaemic tetany or hypocalcaemia secondary to blister beetle toxicosis.
This syndrome is often seen in horses participating in competitive trail and endurance races or on long-distance rides.
A decrease in the plasma calcium, chloride and/or potassium concentration, or a body deficit of these electrolytes, sensitises the phrenic nerve to the depolarising electrical activity of the adjacent myocardium. Therefore the involuntary diaphragmatic contraction and "thump" are synchronous with the heartbeat and not with the breathing cycle.
This can occur during or following physical exertion, severe diarrhoea or colic, or following prolonged surgery and anaesthesia.
Clinical Signs
Pathognomonic clinical signs include: sudden bilateral or unilateral movement of the horse's flanks (and sometimes hindlimbs) each time the heart beats. The "thump" can usually be heard or palpated over the thorax or flanks.
Diagnosis
The clinical signs are very suggestive.
Typical biochemical abnormalities include: hypoglycaemia, increased fatty acid concentrations, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hyperphosphataemia.
Blood lactate and creatine kinase might be moderately elevated.
Dehydration might also be observed.
Treatment
Prevention and treatment include the replacement of the depleted electrolytes.
If the condition is severe, 20 to 100 litres of isotonic or slightly hypertonic fluids supplemented in calcium, potassium and glucose should be given intravenously over 24 hours.
In less severe cases, electrolytes and glucose can be given orally, possibly via nasogastric intubation.
The response to treatment is usually rapid and thus supports the diagnosis.
Prognosis is favourable although horses should be rested for 7-10 days.
In endurance horses, prevention of the condition includes supplementation of electrolytes in the feed or water.
| Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter Learning Resources | |
|---|---|
 Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions |
Equine Internal Medicine Q&A 08 |
References
McGorum, B. (2007) Equine respiratory medicine and surgery Elsevier Health Sciences
Stashak, T. (2002) Adams' Lameness in Horses Wiley-Blackwell
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This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing. |