Difference between revisions of "Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology"
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==Types of Papillae== | ==Types of Papillae== | ||
| − | + | ===Conical=== | |
-Not in horses | -Not in horses | ||
-Caudal 1/3 of tongue | -Caudal 1/3 of tongue | ||
| Line 93: | Line 93: | ||
[[Image:Foliate_Papillae_Cat.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foliate Papillae (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]] | [[Image:Foliate_Papillae_Cat.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foliate Papillae (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]] | ||
| − | + | ===Foliate=== | |
-8 to 12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of tongue midline | -8 to 12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of tongue midline | ||
-Stratified squamous epithelium | -Stratified squamous epithelium | ||
| Line 102: | Line 102: | ||
[[Image:Circumvallate Papillae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Circumvallate Papillae (Goat) - Copyright RVC 2008]] | [[Image:Circumvallate Papillae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Circumvallate Papillae (Goat) - Copyright RVC 2008]] | ||
| − | + | ===Vallate=== | |
-3 to 6 | -3 to 6 | ||
-Often secondary papillae in taste buds | -Often secondary papillae in taste buds | ||
| Line 110: | Line 110: | ||
-Lymphatic tissue present | -Lymphatic tissue present | ||
| − | + | ===Fungiform=== | |
-Red dots on tongue surface | -Red dots on tongue surface | ||
-Keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium | -Keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium | ||
| Line 119: | Line 119: | ||
[[Image:Filoform Papillae Histology.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Filoform Papillae Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]] | [[Image:Filoform Papillae Histology.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Filoform Papillae Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]] | ||
| − | + | ===Filoform=== | |
-Most numerous | -Most numerous | ||
-Points caudally | -Points caudally | ||
| Line 146: | Line 146: | ||
==Species Differences== | ==Species Differences== | ||
| − | + | ===Canine=== | |
*Dog has stretch receptors in the tongue | *Dog has stretch receptors in the tongue | ||
*Dog uses the tongue to lose heat by panting | *Dog uses the tongue to lose heat by panting | ||
| − | + | ===Ruminant=== | |
*Ruminant tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface) | *Ruminant tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface) | ||
*Ox has lenticular papillae which are hard and horny due to heavy keratinisation | *Ox has lenticular papillae which are hard and horny due to heavy keratinisation | ||
| − | + | ===Feline=== | |
*Cat has long papillae for grooming so tongue is rough | *Cat has long papillae for grooming so tongue is rough | ||
| − | + | ===Porcine=== | |
*Most of the papillae in the pig are soft, long and directed caudally | *Most of the papillae in the pig are soft, long and directed caudally | ||
| − | + | ===Avian=== | |
*The [[The Avian Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|avian tongue]] has a bone in it. It is mainly used for manipulation of food rather than vocalisation like in mammals. | *The [[The Avian Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|avian tongue]] has a bone in it. It is mainly used for manipulation of food rather than vocalisation like in mammals. | ||
Revision as of 16:06, 14 July 2008
Introduction
The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Itis involved with grooming, lapping, prehension and manipultaing food in oral cavity. It is also involved in the deglutition reflex and vocalisation.
The tongue is capable of vigerous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the oral cavity.
Structure and Function
- Skeletal muscle dorsally
- Structural fat surrounded by cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa (canids only) ventrally
- Attached root and body with a free apex
- Frenulum (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
- Root of tongue attached to hyoid bone
- In the horse and dog the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the median sulcus.
- In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue if 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The tonus linguae is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the hard palate.
Muscles
Intrinsic Muscles
- The dorsal and ventral longitudinal
- Transverse and vertical bundles
Extrinsic Muscles
- Styloglossus
-Origin: Hyoid apparatus (stylohyoid) -Retracts and elevates tongue
- Genioglossus
-Origin: Incisive part of mandible -Protrudes and depressed tongue
- Hyoglossus
-Origin: Hyoid apparatus (basihyoid) -Retracts and depresses tongue
- Geniohyoideus
-Origin: Incisive part of mandible -Insertion: Body of hyoid -Lies below the tongue (not within it) -Draws the hyoid and therefore the tongue forward
Innervation
- All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Rostral 2/3 of tongue is innervated by the lingual branch of trigeminal (CN V) which is sensory supplying temperature, touch and pain. The Chorda tympani of facial (CN VII) supplies the taste.
- The caudal 1/3 of tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) providing motor function for taste.
Histology
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Lingual glands
- Mucosal covering tightly adheres to the contact surface
- Degree of keratinisation depends on diet
- Less keratinisation on ventral surface and sides of tongue
- Covered by papillae (taste buds)for protection and taste
- Papillae are specialised projections of the mucosa
- Some papillae have taste buds others are mechanical to roughen surface of tongue
Types of Papillae
Conical
-Not in horses -Caudal 1/3 of tongue -Point caudally -No taste buds -Thick epithelium
Foliate
-8 to 12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of tongue midline -Stratified squamous epithelium -Caudal 1/3 of tongue -Taste buds present -Glands -Lymphatics present
Vallate
-3 to 6 -Often secondary papillae in taste buds -Broad glands -Caudal 1/3 of tongue -Taste buds present -Lymphatic tissue present
Fungiform
-Red dots on tongue surface -Keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium -Blood vessels -Loss of heat via panting in dogs -Rostral 2/3 of tongue -Taste buds present
Filoform
-Most numerous -Points caudally -No taste buds -No glands -No lymphatics -Smallest -Thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium -Very prominent in cat -Rostral 2/3 of tongue
Taste Buds
- Also found on the soft palate and pharynx (but sparsely distributed)
- Constant cell turnover
- Flat, think cells
- Taste hairs (microvilli) pointing though taste pore
- Nerves transduce chemical signals into nervous signals
Species Differences
Canine
- Dog has stretch receptors in the tongue
- Dog uses the tongue to lose heat by panting
Ruminant
- Ruminant tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface)
- Ox has lenticular papillae which are hard and horny due to heavy keratinisation
Feline
- Cat has long papillae for grooming so tongue is rough
Porcine
- Most of the papillae in the pig are soft, long and directed caudally
Avian
- The avian tongue has a bone in it. It is mainly used for manipulation of food rather than vocalisation like in mammals.