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'''Small animals'''. The details shown in the table below provide information for the interpretation of small animal protein electrophoresis. There is currently a great deal of interest in quantitative measurement of individual acute phase proteins, such as serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein and α-1-acid glycoprotein to assist in the diagnosis of non-specific acute inflammatory disease and conditions such as FIP.
'''Small animals'''. The details shown in the table below provide information for the interpretation of small animal protein electrophoresis. There is currently a great deal of interest in quantitative measurement of individual acute phase proteins, such as serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein and α-1-acid glycoprotein to assist in the diagnosis of non-specific acute inflammatory disease and conditions such as FIP.
Electrophoretogram
'''Electrophoretogram'''
[[File:NWL 2016 Labfacts Electrophoretogram.png|frameless|330x330px]]
[[File:NWL 2016 Labfacts Electrophoretogram 2.png|left|frameless|362x362px]]
{|
!Index
!Band
!Rel. Area
!Conc. (g/l)
|-
|1
|Albumin
|43.84%
|35.07
|-
|2
|Alpha 1
|4.12%
|3.30
|-
|3
|Alpha 2
|5.18%
|4.15
|-
|4
|Beta
|11.28%
|9.02
|-
|5
|Gamma
|35.58%
|28.46
|-
|'''Total'''
|
|
|'''80.00'''
|}
Interpretation of dysproteinaemias based on the A:G ratio and the protein electrophoresis profile (Kaneko, Jiro J et al. 2008; Parry, BW (ed.) 2008).
{| class="wikitable"
!A:G Ratio
!Abnormalities
!Causes
|-
! rowspan="2" |Normal (normal electrophoresis trace)
|Hyperproteinaemia
|Dehydration
|-
|Hypoproteinaemia
|Overhydration Acute blood loss
External plasma loss: extravasation from burns, abrasions, exudative lesions, exudative dermatopathies, external parasites, gastrointestinal disease, diarrhoea.
Internal plasma loss: gastrointestinal disease, internal parasites
|-
! rowspan="7" |Decreased
|Hypoalbuminaemia
|Selective loss of albumin: glomerulonephropathies, nephrosis, nephrotic syndrome, gastrointestinal disease, internal parasites.
Decreased synthesis of albumin: chronic liver disease, malnutrition, chronic inflammatory disease
|-
|Increased α1-globulins
|Acute inflammatory disease: α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein (FIP, FIV)
|-
|Increased α2–globulins
|Acute inflammatory disease: α2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin
Severe active hepatitis: α2-macroglobulin
Acute nephritis: α2-macroglobulin
Nephrotic syndrome: α2 -macroglobulin, α2 -lipoprotein (VLDL)
|-
|Increased β-globulin
|Acute hepatitis: transferrin, hemopexin
Nephrotic syndrome: β2-lipoprotein (LDL), transferrin
Suppurative dermatopathies: IgM, C3
|-
|β-γ bridging
|Chronic active hepatitis: IgA, IgM
|-
|Increased γ-globulin (broad increases)
- polyclonal gammopathies (broad increases): IgG, IgM, IgA
|Chronic inflammatory disease, infectious disease, collagen disease
Chronic hepatitis
Hepatic abscess
Suppurative disease: feline infectious dermatitis, suppurative dermatitis, tuberculosis
Immune-mediated disease: immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopaenia, Aleutian disease of mink, equine infectious anaemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune polyarthritis, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, autoimmune dermatitis, allergies
Lymphoma
|-
|Increased γ-globulin (sharp increases)
- monoclonal gammopathies (sharp increases): IgG, IgM, IgA
|Lymphoma
Plasma cell dyscrasias: multiple myeloma, Aleutian disease of mink
Macroglobulinaemia
Benign, nonpathologic
|-
! rowspan="2" |Increased
|Increased albumin
|Dehydration
|-
|Decreased globulins
|Precolostral neonate
Combined immunodeficiency of Arabian foals
Aglobulinaemia
|}
'''Equine'''. Much of the information in the previous table also applies to horses but the α1-globulin fraction has no known significance. Common causes of elevations in the other fractions are:
'''α2-globulin'''. High levels are associated with tissue damage such as infection and abscess formation. In the latter the γ-globulins may also be elevated.
'''β1-globulin'''. High levels have been associated with intestinal larval pathology. However this is not a consistent finding in all cases and can be normal even when larvae are present.
'''β2-globulin'''. High levels can be due to intestinal larval pathology as well as some cases of hepatopathy. In the latter changes would be expected to occur in serum liver enzymes. Monoclonal peaks can occur in horses with lymphoma or plasma cell myeloma.
'''γ -globulin.''' Because this includes IgG, rises are seen with antibody responses to infection. Monoclonal peaks can occur in horses with lymphoma or plasma cell myeloma.
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== References ==
== References ==