Paramyxoviridae

VIRUSES

Morphology

• Single-stranded negative-sense unsegmented RNA virus
• Reassortment and antigenic shift cannot occur
• Spike proteins include
  • HN (Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase)
  • F (Fusion glycoprotein), which allows the virus to fuse directly to the plasma membrane and release its RNA
    • F also causes syncitium to form, which aids diagnosis
    • Host antibody response to the F protein is the basis for vaccination

Virulence

• Paramyxoviruses replicate in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract as well as occasionally in the gut
  • Sites of spike protein cleavage
• Virulence varies by virus, see below

Types and Subtypes

Paramoyxoviridae was reclassified in 2000 to include 2 subfamilies and 5 genera:

• Paramoyxovirinae:
  • Bovine Parainfluenza 3
  • Canine Parainfluenza 2
  • Murine Parainfluenza 1 (Sendai virus)
  • Newcastle Disease (NDV) - avian paramyxovirus serotype 1
  • Avian Paramyxoviruses serotypes 2-9
  • Reptilian Paramyxoviruses
  • Mumps
  • Morbilliviruses
    • Canine Distemper (CDV)
    • Rinderpest
    • Pest de petit ruminant (PPR)
    • Measels
    • Seal virus - phocine distemper
    • Dolphin Morbillivirus
    • Hendra virus
    • Nipah virus
• Pneumovirinae
  • Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)
  • Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus

Antigenic Variation

• Antigenic conservation allows some cross protection by vaccination:
  • Conservation of major virus-specific F/HN antigens means vaccines protect against all isolates of the same virus
  • Minor morbillivirus-specific epitopes on F allows some cross protection between canine distemper, measles, and rinderpest
• Antigenic "fingerprinting" is possible for some viruses based on minor variable epitopes of HN, F and NP on specific isolates as detected by monoclonal antibodies
  • These are detected by immunostaining infected cells

Paramyxoviridae by Species

Bovine

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)

• Pathogenesis:
  • More serious than PI-3
  • Causes [Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|respiratory infection]]
  • Replicates in nasal epithelium -> throughout upper respiratory tract -> bronchial tree
  • Syncytia form -> shed into bronchioles
  • Complications include emphysema and oedema, drop in milk yield in adult cattle
• Epidemiology:
  • Subclinical reinfections are important in spreading disease
  • More than 70% of cattle in the UK have antibodies to BRSV
• Diagnosis is same as for PI-3
• Control
  • Improve husbansry as in PI-3
  • Vaccines are available but not effective as need to stimulate cytotoxic T-cells
• Reference: Bryson, 1999, Update on calf pneumonia, CPD Veterinary Medicine, 1,3, 90-95

Equine

Hendra Virus

• Equine Paramyxovirus
• Causes respiratory infections with respiratory distress and paralysis
• Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)

Porcine

Nipah Virus

• Infects pigs and humans
• Humans exposed to pig blood are at risk

Reptiles

Reptilian Paramyxoviruses

• Infect central nervous system and lungs
• Kill particularly snakes
• Healthy reptiles may be carriers
• Testing by serology - HI test
• Aim to keep virus free collection and prevent spread back into the wild

Rodentia

Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)

• Endemic in many mouse colonies
• Most mice show no symptoms due to maternal antibodies
• But minor respiratory lesions may invalidate carcinogenic or toxicological studies
• Immunological studies also confused due to virus activating NK cells via high circulating IF 3-4 days post-infection
• Control achieved by:
  • Purchasing specific pathogen free (SPF) mice
  • Kill whole colony in an outbreak -> disinfection -> formalin fumigation

Other resources

• On line Paramyxoviridae lecture by P. Russell

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