Difference between revisions of "Penicillins"

Revision as of 14:13, 22 October 2008

The Core Structure of Penicillin

Mechanism of Action

Penicillins are β-Lactam antibiotics. This means that they interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a crucial component of the bacterial cell wall. Penicillins bind to proteins on the bacteria and then inhibit a transpeptidation enzyme, whose role is to cross-link peptides attached to the peptiglycan backbone. This weakens the bacterial cell wall integrity.

The penicillins also inactivate an inhibitor of autolytic enzymes present in the cell wall, thus resulting in lysis of the bacterium.

Due to the lytic nature of the group of drugs they are considered to be bacteriocidal (ie kill bacteria).

Spectrum of Activity

Over the years different sub-groups of Penicillins have been developed; this is because many bacteria have developed beta-lactamases which will therefore reduce the action of the antiobiotic

Natural Penicillins - benzylpenicillin or Penicillin G

Narrow spectrum of activity.
Active against gram positive organisms, except beta-lactamase producing Staphylococci.
Active against many obligate anaerobes.

Anti-staphylococcal Penicillins - Cloxacillin

Narrow Spectrum
Resistant to beta-lactamase producing Staphylococci, and so active against gram positive bacteria.
Active against many obligate anaerobes.

Aminopenicillins - Amoxycillin

Broader spectrum than the above penicillins.
Active against gram positive species except those with beta-lactamase enzymes.
Active against some gram negatives but not any of the hardier species.
Active against many obligate anaerobes.

Extended Spectrum Penicillins - Ticarcillin

Broad Spectrum
Active againts gram positive species except those with beta-lactamase enzymes.
Active against gram negatives including the hardier species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Active against many obligate anaerobes.

If a beta-lactamase inhibitor (Clavulanic acid) is added to the drug formulation, the spectrum of most sub-groups is extended.

• Addition of a beta-lactamase inhibitor (Clavulanic acid) broadens the spectrum of most sub-gps.

Pharmacokinetic Considerations

Side Effects and Contraindications

Potential Uses

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 '''Aminopenicillins''' - Amoxycillin
-•	Aminopenicillins (e.g. Amoxycillin) were also synthesised to widen the spectrum of action to include many more gram negative organisms than the natural penicillins.  The aminopenicillins are still susceptible to hydrolysis by beta-lactamase enzymes.
+* Broader spectrum than the above penicillins.
+* Active against gram positive species except those with beta-lactamase enzymes.
+* Active against some gram negatives but not any of the hardier species.
+* Active against many obligate anaerobes.
+'''Extended Spectrum Penicillins''' - Ticarcillin
+* Broad Spectrum
+* Active againts gram positive species except those with beta-lactamase enzymes.
+* Active against gram negatives including the hardier species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
+* Active against many obligate anaerobes.
-•	Extended spectrum penicillins (e.g. Ticarcillin) have been produced to increase efficacy against some of the most difficult gram negative infections to treat, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.  These drugs are still susceptible to hydrolysis by beta-lactamase.
+If a beta-lactamase inhibitor ('''Clavulanic acid''') is added to the drug formulation, the spectrum of most sub-groups is extended.
 •	Addition of a beta-lactamase inhibitor (Clavulanic acid) broadens the spectrum of most sub-gps.
-e.g. Penicillin sub-families (all have good activity vs. many obligate anaerobic bacteria)
 ==Pharmacokinetic Considerations==