Difference between revisions of "Giardia"

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==Recognition==
 
[[Image:Giardia cysts.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Giardia'' cysts from gerbil faecea - H.D.A. Lindquist, U.S. EPA]]
 
[[Image:Giardia cysts.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Giardia'' cysts from gerbil faecea - H.D.A. Lindquist, U.S. EPA]]
 
[[Image:Giardia lamblia life cycle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Giardia lamblia'' life cycle - Wikimedia Commons]]
 
[[Image:Giardia lamblia life cycle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Giardia lamblia'' life cycle - Wikimedia Commons]]
 
[[Image:Giardia lamblia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Giardia lamblia'' - Janice Carr]]
 
[[Image:Giardia lamblia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Giardia lamblia'' - Janice Carr]]
 
[[Image:Giardia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Giardia'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
 
[[Image:Giardia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Giardia'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
 +
*Flagellate protozoa
 +
 +
*Found in the intestine of humans
 +
 +
*Associated with chronic [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]]
 +
 +
*Foundin both wild and domestic animals
 +
 +
*15-20μm long
 +
 +
*Pear-shaped
 +
 +
*8 flagella
 +
 +
*Large adhesive discs to hold onto intestinal mucosa
 +
 +
==Life Cycle==
 +
 +
*Simple and direct
 +
 +
*Trophozoites attach to intestinal wall
 +
 +
*Reproduce by binary fission
 +
 +
*Form cysts of 10μm
 +
**Cysts formed '''intermittently'''
 +
**Immediately infective when passed in faeces
 +
 +
*Prepatent period of 5-6 days
 +
 +
==Pathogenesis==
 +
 +
*Commonest cause of protozoal [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] of man in the UK
 +
 +
*Common in domesticated animals
 +
 +
*Infections often asymptomatic in domestic animals
 +
**Can cause cillous atrophy leading to malabsorption
 +
**Infection can persist for weeks to months if not treated
 +
 +
==Epidemiology==
 +
 +
*Infection via direct oral-faecal route or through contaminated water source (water-bourne)
 +
 +
*Wild animals may act as a source of infection for humans
 +
**E.g. Beavers
 +
 +
*Divided into 7 species
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**''G. duodenalis'' most commonly infects humans
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***Some subspecies are zoonotic
 +
 +
==Diagnosis==
 +
 +
*Faecal examination
 +
**Cysts need to be distinguished from pollen grains and yeasts
 +
 +
*Cysts excretion is intermittent
 +
**Faeces need to be collected over a 3 day period
 +
 +
*Cysts are '''heavy'''
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**Needs higher density floatation fluids
 +
**Do not float well in saturated sodium chloride solution
 +
 +
*Immunoassays
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**Detecting cyst antigen in faeces
 +
 +
==Control and Treatment==
 +
 +
*Sanitation and hygiene
 +
**Minimise risk of human infection
 +
 +
*Boil (or sterilise through other means) drinking water in regions of the world where drinking water may be contmainated
 +
 +
*Avoid uncooked foodstuffs
 +
**Contaminated by washing
 +
 +
*Treatments
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**Metronidazole
 +
***Flagyl, Torgyl
 +
**Fenbendazole
 +
***Panacur
 +
 +
*[[Vaccines - WikiBlood|Vaccination]]
 +
**Killed trophozoites
 +
**Availbale in the USA for cats and dogs
 +
**Decreases the excretion and viability of cysts
 +
**Decreases environmental pressure

Revision as of 18:39, 23 November 2008


 This article is still under construction.


Infectious agents and parasitesWikiBugs Banner.png
PARASITES
PROTOZOA



Recognition

Giardia cysts from gerbil faecea - H.D.A. Lindquist, U.S. EPA
Giardia lamblia life cycle - Wikimedia Commons
Giardia lamblia - Janice Carr
Giardia - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
  • Flagellate protozoa
  • Found in the intestine of humans
  • Foundin both wild and domestic animals
  • 15-20μm long
  • Pear-shaped
  • 8 flagella
  • Large adhesive discs to hold onto intestinal mucosa

Life Cycle

  • Simple and direct
  • Trophozoites attach to intestinal wall
  • Reproduce by binary fission
  • Form cysts of 10μm
    • Cysts formed intermittently
    • Immediately infective when passed in faeces
  • Prepatent period of 5-6 days

Pathogenesis

  • Commonest cause of protozoal diarrhoea of man in the UK
  • Common in domesticated animals
  • Infections often asymptomatic in domestic animals
    • Can cause cillous atrophy leading to malabsorption
    • Infection can persist for weeks to months if not treated

Epidemiology

  • Infection via direct oral-faecal route or through contaminated water source (water-bourne)
  • Wild animals may act as a source of infection for humans
    • E.g. Beavers
  • Divided into 7 species
    • G. duodenalis most commonly infects humans
      • Some subspecies are zoonotic

Diagnosis

  • Faecal examination
    • Cysts need to be distinguished from pollen grains and yeasts
  • Cysts excretion is intermittent
    • Faeces need to be collected over a 3 day period
  • Cysts are heavy
    • Needs higher density floatation fluids
    • Do not float well in saturated sodium chloride solution
  • Immunoassays
    • Detecting cyst antigen in faeces

Control and Treatment

  • Sanitation and hygiene
    • Minimise risk of human infection
  • Boil (or sterilise through other means) drinking water in regions of the world where drinking water may be contmainated
  • Avoid uncooked foodstuffs
    • Contaminated by washing
  • Treatments
    • Metronidazole
      • Flagyl, Torgyl
    • Fenbendazole
      • Panacur
  • Vaccination
    • Killed trophozoites
    • Availbale in the USA for cats and dogs
    • Decreases the excretion and viability of cysts
    • Decreases environmental pressure
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