Changes

[[Amylase|Amylase]] production and secretion is not restricted to the pancreas and may originate from several areas in the gastrointestinal tract of many reptiles. [[Amylase|Amylase]] values vary between reptile species and individuals. Increased levels may be useful as a diagnostic indicator in some species but its value in snakes has to be shown.

[[Amylase|Amylase]] production and secretion is not restricted to the pancreas and may originate from several areas in the gastrointestinal tract of many reptiles. [[Amylase|Amylase]] values vary between reptile species and individuals. Increased levels may be useful as a diagnostic indicator in some species but its value in snakes has to be shown.

===Bile acid===

===Bile acid===

[[Bile acid|Bile acid]] metabolism is presently poorly understood in reptiles. [[Bile acid|Bile acids]] have been poorly studied and are currently poor diagnostic indicators but further use and research may indicate their usefulness. Normal upper limits of [[Bile acid|bile acids]] levels in reptiles vary between 10 and 70 µmol/l. [[Bile acid|Bile acid]] levels in reptiles may be indicators of reduced hepatic function.

[[Bile acids|Bile acid]] metabolism is presently poorly understood in reptiles. [[Bile acids|Bile acids]] have been poorly studied and are currently poor diagnostic indicators but further use and research may indicate their usefulness. Normal upper limits of [[Bile acids|bile acids]] levels in reptiles vary between 10 and 70 µmol/l. [[Bile acids|Bile acid]] levels in reptiles may be indicators of reduced hepatic function.

===Electrolytes===

===Electrolytes===