Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma

Also known as:

Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament

Canine Epulis (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))

Description

Peripheral odontogenic fibroma is a benign tumour that arises from the periodontal ligament. It was previously known as a fibromatous epulis and ossifying epulis depending on the degree of mineralization. They present as firm, smooth swellings of the gingiva and are normally indistinguishable from gingival hyperplasia.

Typical Signalment

Most common benign tumour found in the oral cavity in dogs but is less common in cats. Is seen in dogs of any age but more common in those older than 6 years.

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

Include halitosis, oral bleeding, dental disruption or loss, facial or mandibular deformity, excessive salivation, growth protruding from the mouth and rarely dysphagia.

Diagnostic Imaging

Radiographs are required to differentiate this benign neoplasm from malignant or locally aggressive lesions. Skull radiographs will evaluate the oral lesion itself and thoracic radiography to evaluate for metastasies (if a malignancy is a diagnostic possibility). Radiographs typically show a soft tissue opacity in the the gingiva region with varying degrees of mineralization. Bone involvement is not a feature of this neoplasm and hence is not to be confused with Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma which often invades bone. Radiography cannot be used to differentiate a peripheral odontogenic fibroma from a hyperplastic gingival lesion.

Biopsy

An incisional biopsy is required to obtain a definitive diagnosis.

Pathology

Proliferation of fibrous tissue with a variety of osteoid, cementum or dentine like material. Isolated strands or islands of odontogenic epithelium are always present (ie: suggesting induction of connective tissue by the epithelial cells). The stroma contains neoplastic fibroblast s, with varying cellularity and the overlying epitheluim is normal.

Treatment

A surgical excision of the neoplasm should be performed. The depth of the excision is determined by the location of the origin of the neoplasm at the periodontal ligament. Excision may be at the gingival level or a deep resection involving the extraction of the affected tooth and curettage of the alveolar socket.

They do not recur if adequately excised.

Prognosis

Good following surgical resection. Recurrence is common following incomplete surgical resection.

References

Tutt, C., Deeprose, J. and Crossley, D. (2007) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry (3rd Edition) BSAVA

Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition) Merial

Verstraete, F.J.M., Ligthelmf, A.J. and Weber, A,(1992) The Histological Nature of Epulides in Dogs. Journal of comparative Pathology. (106) 169-182.

With thanks to Andrew Jefferies (Cambridge) and Alun Williams (RVC) for providing access to their lecture materials