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| | ==Bovine== | | ==Bovine== |
| − | ===Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)=== | + | ===[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]=== |
| − | *Virulence varies with isolates
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| − | *Cessation of [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|ciliary clearance]] and epithelial necrosis predisposes to secondary bacterial infections -> cough
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| − | *May cause [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|rhinitis]] of cattle
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| − | *With other agents causes [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|calf pneumonia ]]
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| − | **Together with managemental factors (overcrowding, poor ventilation, high humidity, deprivation of colostrum and stress caused by transport or mixing of stock)
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| − | *'''Diagnosis'''
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| − | **Diseased lung tissue from dead animals or centrifuged cells from lung lavage
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| − | **Virus is too fragile for cell culture isolation (often inactivated intransport)
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| − | **Antigen detection by ''' immunocytochemistry''' for intracytoplasmic viral inclusions containing labelled viral protein
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| − | **Serology: 4-fold rise in ELISA antibody in paired serum samples from several animals
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| − | *'''Control'''
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| − | **Improve managemental factors
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| − | **All-in, all-out systems
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| − | **Some vaccination
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| − | ***Temperature sensitive mutant that replicates at 34<sup>o</sup>C but not at 37<sup>o</sup>C
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| − | ***Re-infection is common
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| | ===Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)=== | | ===Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)=== |