Difference between revisions of "Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology"

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==Introduction==
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The reticulum is the second chamber of the ruminant stomach. It has regular contractions which precede the biphasic ruminal contraction for digestion of food particles.
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Mechanical digestion and microbial fermentation occur to breakdown food particles for absorption. [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|Volatile fatty acids]] are the major product of ruminant digestion.
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==Structure==
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[[Image:Reticulum Anatomy Sheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Reticulum Anatomy (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
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*Covered by greater omentum
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*The rumino-reticular fold often gets object lodged. When the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] contracts, the object can be pushed through the reticulum wall into the [[Structure of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology#Pericardium|pericardium]] and [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]].
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*Opening at the cardia into both the reticulum and the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] is called the reticuluar groove (see [[Oesophageal groove|oseophageal groove]]). The reticular groove also opens into the [[The Omasum|omasum]].
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*Cranial to the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]
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*Ribs 6-8
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*From cardia to the diaphragm
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*Lies above the xiphoid process of the sternum
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*Serosa covers the surface
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==Function==
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*Waste removal
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*Movement
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*Simpler products of digestion are assilimated directly, others continue down the digestive tract for further digestion
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*See [[Rumination - Anatomy & Physiology|rumination]]
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*See [[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]]
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==Ruminoreticular contraction==
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[[Image:Contractions of the ruminoreticulum diagram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Diagram of the contractions of the ruminoreticulum - Copyright RVC 2008]]
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*Primary mixes food
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**Mixing cycle of ruminoreticulum
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**2 contractions of the reticulum (2nd most powerful) which continues over the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]
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**Ingesta flows from the reticulum to cranial ruminal sac to reticulum (or ventral sac)
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**Every 60 seconds
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*Secondary lets gas out
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**See [[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]]
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**Ingesta flows from ventral blind sac to dorsal blind sac to dorsal sac ([[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]]) to ventral sac
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==Vasculature==
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*Cranial mesenteric artery
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*Celiac artery
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*Right and left ruminal arteries
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==Innervation==
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*Dorsal vagus ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN X]]) (most important)
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*Ventral vagus ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN X]])
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==Lymphatics==
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*Numerous small lymph nodes are scattered in the grooves
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*The lymph drains to larger atrial nodes between the cardia and [[The Omasum|omasum]], then to the cistera chyli
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==Histology==
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[[Image:Reticulum Histology Sheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Reticulum Histology (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
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*Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
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*No glands
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*Honeycomb appearance of short and tall folds
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*Mucosal layer thrown into folds
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*The folds gradually merge into papillae where the reticulum meets the rumen
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*Lamina muscularis present as discrete bands of smooth muscle (not continuous)
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*[[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Papillae|Conical papillae]], also called secondary papillae, on folds providing a rough surface to increase food breakdown
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*2 thick layers of tunica muscularis- inner circular and outer longitudinal
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*The upper keratinised layer protects against abrasion
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*The deeper layers metabolise [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]]
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==Species Differences==
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===Small Ruminants===
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*Larger reticulum compared to cattle
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*In sheep and goats the ridges of the reticular cells are lower and have more prominant serrated edges than in cattle
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*The papillated ruminal mucosa expands over a greater proportion of the reticulum
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==Links==
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[[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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[[The Omasum|The Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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[[The Abomasum|The Abomasum- Anatomy & Physiology]]
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[[The Stomachs of the Ruminant - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards#The Reticulum|The Reticulum Flashcards]]
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'''Video'''
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[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/Pot0052.mp4 Pot 52 Lateral view of the Abdomen of a young Ruminant]
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[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/pot0175.mp4 Pot 175 Sections of the Ruminant Stomach]
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[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/LeftSideTopography.mp4 Left sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen and Thorax]
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[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RightSideTopography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen]
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[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RuminantStomachStructure.mp4 Structure of the ruminant forestomachs]

Revision as of 23:21, 25 August 2008

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()Map ALIMENTARY SYSTEM (Map)



Introduction

The reticulum is the second chamber of the ruminant stomach. It has regular contractions which precede the biphasic ruminal contraction for digestion of food particles.

Mechanical digestion and microbial fermentation occur to breakdown food particles for absorption. Volatile fatty acids are the major product of ruminant digestion.


Structure

Reticulum Anatomy (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008
  • Covered by greater omentum
  • The rumino-reticular fold often gets object lodged. When the rumen contracts, the object can be pushed through the reticulum wall into the pericardium and heart.
  • Opening at the cardia into both the reticulum and the rumen is called the reticuluar groove (see oseophageal groove). The reticular groove also opens into the omasum.
  • Ribs 6-8
  • From cardia to the diaphragm
  • Lies above the xiphoid process of the sternum
  • Serosa covers the surface

Function

  • Waste removal
  • Movement
  • Simpler products of digestion are assilimated directly, others continue down the digestive tract for further digestion


Ruminoreticular contraction

Diagram of the contractions of the ruminoreticulum - Copyright RVC 2008
  • Primary mixes food
    • Mixing cycle of ruminoreticulum
    • 2 contractions of the reticulum (2nd most powerful) which continues over the rumen
    • Ingesta flows from the reticulum to cranial ruminal sac to reticulum (or ventral sac)
    • Every 60 seconds
  • Secondary lets gas out
    • See eructation
    • Ingesta flows from ventral blind sac to dorsal blind sac to dorsal sac (eructation) to ventral sac

Vasculature

  • Cranial mesenteric artery
  • Celiac artery
  • Right and left ruminal arteries


Innervation

  • Dorsal vagus (CN X) (most important)
  • Ventral vagus (CN X)

Lymphatics

  • Numerous small lymph nodes are scattered in the grooves
  • The lymph drains to larger atrial nodes between the cardia and omasum, then to the cistera chyli


Histology

Reticulum Histology (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008
  • Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  • No glands
  • Honeycomb appearance of short and tall folds
  • Mucosal layer thrown into folds
  • The folds gradually merge into papillae where the reticulum meets the rumen
  • Lamina muscularis present as discrete bands of smooth muscle (not continuous)
  • Conical papillae, also called secondary papillae, on folds providing a rough surface to increase food breakdown
  • 2 thick layers of tunica muscularis- inner circular and outer longitudinal
  • The upper keratinised layer protects against abrasion


Species Differences

Small Ruminants

  • Larger reticulum compared to cattle
  • In sheep and goats the ridges of the reticular cells are lower and have more prominant serrated edges than in cattle
  • The papillated ruminal mucosa expands over a greater proportion of the reticulum

Links

The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology

The Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology

The Abomasum- Anatomy & Physiology

The Reticulum Flashcards

Video

Pot 52 Lateral view of the Abdomen of a young Ruminant

Pot 175 Sections of the Ruminant Stomach

Left sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen and Thorax

Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen

Structure of the ruminant forestomachs

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