Difference between revisions of "Category:Leptospiraceae"

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(Created page with '===''Leptospira''=== *Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments *Require liquid media for culture *Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild uro…')
 
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*Clinical infections
 
*Clinical infections
**Cattle and sheep
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***Cattle are maintenance hosts for ''L. borgpetersenii'' serovar ''hardjo''
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[[Leptospirosis - Cattle and Sheep]]
***''L. interrogans'' serovar ''hardjo'' is host-adapted to cattle
 
***Acute disease in susceptible heifers, with fever and agalactia of all quarters; abortion and stillbirth may occur
 
***Diagnosed by rising antibody titre in paired serum samples
 
***Infection in sheep may cause abortion and agalactia
 
***Urinary excretion can be reduced by administering dihydrostreptomycin or amoxycillin
 
***Incactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy
 
***Serovars ''pomona, grippotyphosa'' and ''icterohaemorrhagiae'' cause pyrexia, haemoglobinurea, jaundice, anorexia, uraemia due to renal damage and death in calves and lambs
 
  
 
**Horses
 
**Horses

Revision as of 21:06, 14 May 2010

Leptospira

  • Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments
  • Require liquid media for culture
  • Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases
  • Organisms persist in kidney tubules or genital tract of carrier animals and are shed in urine
  • Transmission via direct contact
  • Serovars are fairly host-specific, causing mild disease in the maintenance host, with shedding in the urine
  • Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease
  • May cause severe systemic disease, resulting in enteritis
  • Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
    • Depends on virulence of the serovar and susceptibility of the host
    • Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility
    • Leptospires may invade via receptor-mediated endocytosis
    • They disseminate through the body via the blood stream
    • Antibodies clear organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection
    • Organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges
    • Evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis
    • Damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobin pigmentation, haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis
  • Diagnosis
    • Clinical signs and history of exposure
    • Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms
    • Isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation
    • Identificaiton or certain serovars using DNA probes and serology
    • FLuorescent antibody technique for identification in tissues
    • Silver impregnation
    • Molecular techniques such as PCR
    • Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA
  • Clinical infections

Leptospirosis - Cattle and Sheep

    • Horses
      • Clinical disease rare
      • May be maintenance host of serovar bratislava, which causes abortion and stillbirth
      • Incidental hosts for serovar pomona, suffering from abortion and renal disease
      • Chronic leptospirosis may cause an immune-mediated anterior uveitis
    • Pigs
      • The rodent-adapted serovars icterohaemorrhagica and copenhagenii cause acute disease in pigs
      • Severe disease in young pigs
      • Serovar pomona is the host-adapted species, and may be shed in the urine
      • Infections may cause abortions and stillbirths
      • Pigs are maintenance hosts for serovars tarassovi and bratislava, which may cause reproductive failure
    • Dogs and cats
      • Serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagica cause leptospirosis in dogs, but are vaccinated against
      • Serovars pomona and grippotyphosa are becoming important
      • The host-adapted serovar canicolar causes acute renal failure in puppies; a chronic uraemic syndrome may follow
      • Incidental infections with serovar icterohaemorrhagica or copenhagenii cause renal failure
      • L. icterohaemorrhagiae may cause hepatic jaundice
      • Serovar bratislava causes abortion and infertility in dogs, which may be the maintenance host
      • Infections uncommon in cats

Pages in category "Leptospiraceae"

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