Difference between revisions of "Category:Effusions"
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===Exudate=== | ===Exudate=== | ||
Revision as of 11:19, 10 June 2010
Effusions
- Increased amount of fluid in peritoneal, pleural or pericardial cavity
- Not a disease in itself
- Indicates pathological process affecting fluid production and/or removal
- Classification
- Based on cell counts and total protein
- Transudate
- Modified transudate
- Exudate
- Haemorrhage
- Chylous effusion
- Based on cell counts and total protein
- Transudate and modified transudate are usually present in the clinical sign "ascites"
Transudate
Modified Transudate
Exudate
- High cells and high protein
- Turbid - red, yellow, white
- Specific gravity > 1.018
- Total protein > 30g/L
- Nucleated cells >3 x 10e9/L
- Neutrophils non-degenerate or degenerate, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils (with parasites)
- Due to:
- Inflammation of the pleural/abdominal cavities or their lining
- Septic
- Degenerate neutrophils
- Intracellular bacteria
- In horses
- Yellow, brown turbid
- Look for plant material - rupture or perforation of gut wall
- Horses with gut rupture will quickly develop cardiovascular collapse
- Non-septic
- Non-derenerate neutrophils
- No bacteria
- In horses
- Amber, slightly turbid fluid
- Neutrophils > macrophages
- e.g.FIP
- Septic
- Long standing modified transudate becomes exudate
- Neoplasia (cell numbers really high)
- Inflammation of the pleural/abdominal cavities or their lining
Haemorrhage
- Turbid - red
- Specific gravity 1.025 - 1.040
- Total protein > 30g/L
- Nucleated cells 1.5 - 10 x 10e9/L
- WBC from peripheral blood (including neutrophils and macrophages)
- Recent or iatrogenic
- Erythrocytes
- Platelet clumps
- Long standing haemorrage
- Macrophages with erythrophagia of haeme pigment
- In horses in addition to the above
- Haemorrhagic diapedesis
- Leakage of blood and fluid from the gut secondary to compromised vascular supply and venous return
- Seen with interstitial necrosis/ischaemia
- Fluid appears serosanguinous
- Haemorrhagic diapedesis
Due to
- Most commonly seen in cats and dogs due to traumatic injury to the liver (e.g. infectious canine hepatitis), spleen (e.g. haemangiosarcoma) and kidney
- Warfarin toxicity
- Moldy sweet clover hay fed to pregnant cows may bleed from umbilical vessels into peritoneum
- Manual ablation of corpus luteum in cattle
Chylous effusion
- Opaque, milky
- Specific gravity > 1.017
- Total protein > 30g/L (variable)
- Nucleated cells 1.5 - 20 x 10e9/L
- Small lymphocytes, mature neutrophils, variable macrophages)
- Chyle
- Triglycerides in fluid > in serum
- Cholesterol in fluid < in serum
- Formation of "cream top" (chylomicrons) if refrigerated
- Does not deparate on centrifugation
- Sudan III staining lipid droplets
Ectopic sources of fluid
- Urine
- Uroabdomen
- Transudate or modified transudate
- Bile
- Bile peritonitis
- Green in colour
- Modified transudate or exudate
- Pancreatitis
- Modified transudate or exudate
Pages in category "Effusions"
The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total.