Haemonchus

Haemonchus is a genus which includes the species; Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus similis, and Haemonchus longistipes.

Haemonchus contortus is by far currently the most prevalent species under the Haemonchus genus, and seen commonly within the UK. The other two are of importance within the UK, but to a lesser extent.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Nematoda
Class	Sercernentea
Subclass	Rhabditia
Order	Strongylida
Family	Trichostrongyloidea
Genus	Haemonchus
Species	H. Contortus/ H. placei, H. Longistipes, H. similis

Haemonchus contortus

Also known as:	Barber's pole worm / Haemonchus placei
Predilection site	Abomasum

Introduction

Haemonchus contortus is a nematode parasite from the family Trichostrongyloidea. It is found worldwide, and is an extremely important parasite of sheep and goats, particularly in tropical/ subtropical regions.

Within the UK, it is found most commonly in the South, where the climate tends to be a little warmer and drier. Some have shown complete resistance to current anthelmintics which is posing a real problem, making sheep and goat farming extremely difficult in some areas of the country.

Identification

The eggs are yellow, and approximately 70–85 μm long by 44 μm wide. The adult female is 18–30 mm and is easily recognized by its distinct “barber pole” coloration. The female has a red and while appearance, the red is due to the fact it is a blood feeder, and the white represents the ovaries coiled around the blood filled intestines.

The male adult worm is considerably smaller than the female, and is around 10–20 mm. It holds a characteristic copulatory bursa, which is an important diagnostic aid.

Hosts

H. contortus is a direct parasite, therefore, it only occupies definitive hosts, namely; Sheep, cattle, goats, deer, camels, and llama.

Life Cycle

This life cycle is direct, and very much typical of a trichostrongyloid.

The females are known to be extremely productive eggs layers. The first larval stage, also known as L1 hatch on pasture and may develop into L3 within 5 days under favourable conditions. However, under cool conditions this stage of development may take several months.

L3 then moults into L4 within 48hrs. The L4 then penetrate the lining of the abomasum using their anterior spicules. L4 are able to draw blood from the host through the buccal capsule, causing severe anaemia in some cases. As adults they are able to move freely along the mucosal surface. Eggs are subsequently shed onto pasture by the host within 3 weeks of infection, and the life cycle continues.

Haemonchus longistipes

Also known as:	Camel stomach worm
Predilection site	Abomasum

Identification

These are relatively small worms, with the males being around 10-20mm, and the females 18-30mm.

Hosts

Camel

Life Cycle

As for H. contortus.

Haemonchus similis

Predilection site

Abomasum

Identification

The adults are red in colour and around 2-3 cm in length.

The male has a dorsal lobe, which are longer than those seen in H. contortus and barbed spicules, which are shorter.

Life Cycle

As for H. contortus.

Hosts

Cattle, deer.