| Line 56: |
Line 56: |
| | | | |
| | ==Life Cycle== | | ==Life Cycle== |
| − | The eggs are laid in rows of around 6 on single hairs. The eggs then penetrate the skin and move along the connective tissue toward the diaphragm. They will continue to migrate, until they reach the oesphagus where the larvae will spend the duration of the summer. | + | The eggs are laid in rows of around 6 on single hairs. The eggs then penetrate the skin and move along the connective tissue toward the diaphragm. They will continue to migrate, until they reach the oesphagus where the larvae will spend the duration of the winter. After 3 months larvae reach '''winter resting sites''' where they remain from November to February/March whilst moulting to the L2 stage. |
| | | | |
| | + | Adult flies emerge on warm, sunny days between '''June and August'''. The adult lives for around 3 weeks. |
| | | | |
| − | '''Life cycle''' | + | =='''Hypoderma diana'''== |
| − | *Adult flies emerge on warm, sunny days between '''June and August'''
| |
| − | | |
| − | *White eggs are laid around the belly and legs of the animal
| |
| − | **Eggs are attached to hairs by cement and a small terminal clasp
| |
| − | **''H. lineatum'' lays a whole row of eggs as it approaches the animal stealthily
| |
| − | **''H. bovis'' only deposits a single egg before the animal runs away ('''gadding''') as it makes a loud buzzing noise
| |
| − | | |
| − | *The adult lives for 3 weeks
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Females can lay several hundred eggs in their life
| |
| − | | |
| − | *A few days after eggs are laid, larvae emerge and crawl down the hairs into the hair follicles
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Larvae penetrate the skin through wounds made by [[Biting Flies|biting flies]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Larvae migrate through the subcutaneous tissue towards the diaphragm
| |
| − | **Enzymatic secretions and mouth hooks aid larval migration
| |
| − | | |
| − | *After 3 months larvae reach '''winter resting sites''' where they remain from November to February/March whilst moulting to the L2 stage. These sites are different between the 2 species
| |
| − | **Epidural fat in the spinal canal for ''H. bovis''
| |
| − | **Wall of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] for ''H. lineatum''
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Larvae then migrate back to the subcutis along the midline of the back where they bore a breathing hole through the skin and moult to the L3 stage
| |
| − | **Larvae are palpable as distinct swellings called '''warbles'''
| |
| − | | |
| − | *L3 larvae emerge after 4-10 weeks where they fall to the ground and pupate under loose vegetation
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Adult flies emerge from the pupa after 1 month where they copulate, lay eggs and die within 2 weeks
| |
| − | | |
| − | *''H. lineatum'' are on the wing 6-8 weeks before ''H. bovis''
| |
| − | | |
| − | *There is only '''1 generation''' of warble flies per year
| |
| − | | |
| | | | |
| | '''Pathogenesis''' | | '''Pathogenesis''' |