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| − | ==Vomiting== | + | ==[[Vomiting]]== |
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| − | * Has potentially lethal effects in the monogastric animal.
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| − | ===Water Loss===
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| − | * Fluid loss is evident as:
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| − | *# An increased PCV or haematocrit.
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| − | *# An increased total protein concentration.
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| − | *# A prerenal azotaemia.
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| − | ===Gastric Electrolyte Loss===
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| − | * The main losses are of H<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>, and also K<sup>+</sup>
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| − | * Can potentially cause metabolic alkalosis, although this is only likely with disease which stops at the pylorus, e.g.: pyloric outflow obstruction.
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| − | ** In cases where mild alkalosis occurs, homeostatic mechanisms produce a more alkaline urine to restore normal body pH.
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| − | ** However, in severe metablolic alkalosis with marked dehydration, acidic urine may be produced- this is termed '''paradoxical aciduria'''.
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| − | *** Because [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] induceses hypokalaemia, there is an overriding stimulus in the kidney for Na<sup>+</sup> (and therefore water) retention.
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| − | *** Na+ can only be resorbed in exchange for H+
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| − | **** H<sup>+</sup> is therefore excreted in the urine, causing it to be acidic.
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| − | *** [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]] also induces hypochloraemia, meaning bicarbonate rather than chloride is resorbed with the Na+ to maintain electrical neutrality
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| − | **** This perpetuates the alkalosis.
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| − | * [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]] does not occur in the ruminant although [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasal]] content may reflux into the [[Stomach and Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|forestomachs]].
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| − | ** Sequestration of secretions in the [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] will have similar effects to pyloric outflow obstruction with [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] in the monogastric animal.
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| − | *** e.g. abomasal torsion
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| − | *** Causes dehydration, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis.
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| − | * Lesions in the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] can also lead to [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]]
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| − | ** Both gastric acid and pancreatic and intestinal bicarbonate secretions are lost
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| − | *** Animal consequently has a normal pH or may even be acidotic.
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| | ==Raised Intraluminal pH== | | ==Raised Intraluminal pH== |
