Difference between revisions of "Meconium Impaction - Horse"
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==Clinical Signs== | ==Clinical Signs== | ||
| − | Early signs: | + | '''Early signs:''' |
*Restlessness | *Restlessness | ||
*Tail swishing | *Tail swishing | ||
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*Tail elevation | *Tail elevation | ||
*Reduced sucking<ref>Madigan, J.E (1994) ''Meconium retention''. In: Madigan, J '''Manual of Equine Neonatal Medicine''' (Second Edition), Live Oak Publishing, Woodland. pp 114-117. In: Pusterla, N, Magdesian, K.G, Maleski, K, Spier, S.J, Madigan, J.E (2004) ''Special Article'': Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987–2002). ''Equine Vet Educ'', 16(3):133-136.</ref> | *Reduced sucking<ref>Madigan, J.E (1994) ''Meconium retention''. In: Madigan, J '''Manual of Equine Neonatal Medicine''' (Second Edition), Live Oak Publishing, Woodland. pp 114-117. In: Pusterla, N, Magdesian, K.G, Maleski, K, Spier, S.J, Madigan, J.E (2004) ''Special Article'': Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987–2002). ''Equine Vet Educ'', 16(3):133-136.</ref> | ||
| − | Advanced cases: | + | '''Advanced cases:''' |
| − | *Colic (due to gas accumulation within the bowel) | + | *[[Colic Diagnosis - Clinical Signs|Colic]] (due to gas accumulation within the bowel) |
*Abdominal distension | *Abdominal distension | ||
*Classic 'arched back' stance | *Classic 'arched back' stance | ||
Revision as of 13:27, 10 August 2010
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This article is still under construction. |
| Also known as: | Meconium Retention Colic in foals |
Description
Meconium impaction or retention is the most common cause of colic in the first 24 hours of life and the most common cause of rectal obstruction in foals.[1]Meconium is mucilaginous material in the intestine of the term fetus containing a mixture of cellular debris, secretions of the intestinal glands, bile and swallowed amniotic fluid.[2] It is dark brown to black and cement- or pellet-like in texture. Most foals defaecate shortly after their first meal, with meconium being evacuated from 3 hours after birth.[2] Once meconium has been passed, the faeces become a dark yellow, reflecting milk digestion. Retention is suspected if the foal makes frequent attempts but fails to produce meconium by 12 hours.[2]
Signalment
Newborn foals. More common in colts than fillies, particularly if they are overdue. This may be related to a narrower pelvic inlet in colts.[3]
Aetiology
Meconium retention may result from a lack of colostrum ingestion, since colostrum is a natural laxative. Thus foals with meconium retention should also be checked for failure of passive transfer (FPT). Intestinal dysmotility may also be an indication of perinatal asphyxia. Other factors predisposing to meconium retention include maternal malnutrition and other conditions that compromise the foal such as dystocia, prematurity, low birth weight, and dehydration.[4]
Clinical Signs
Early signs:
- Restlessness
- Tail swishing
- Frequent posturing to defaecate or continuous straining
- Tail elevation
- Reduced sucking[5]
Advanced cases:
- Colic (due to gas accumulation within the bowel)
- Abdominal distension
- Classic 'arched back' stance
Diagnosis
- CAREFUL digital examination per rectum (for diagnosis only)
- Abdominal palpation (meconium may be palpable if abdominal tympany is not too advanced)
- Abdominal ultrasound
- Abdominal radiography
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and detection of a firm mass upon digital rectal, lack of passage of milk stool and abdominal palpation or radiography of faecal masses in the colon (Edwards 1997).(Pusterla)
Differential Diagnoses
- Uroperitoneum: the foal may assume a more extended stance (NB: a ruptured bladder may occur simultaneously with meconium retention)
- Gastrodudodenal ulceration
- Impending enteritis
- Obstructive gastrointestinal lesions
- Small intestinal intussusception
- Torsion
- Atresia coli
Treatment
- Enema: warm soapy water made with a mild soap that can be administered through soft rubber tubing by gravity.
- Liquid praffin: 300ml by nasogastric tube for foals that do not respond rapidly to an enema
- Muzzling and maintenance rate fluids IV: for persistent meconium retention resulting in significant abdominal distension. A constant rate infusion of 5-10% dextrose will provide some calories in addition to the free water needs. Dextrose should NOT be given as a bolus.
- Retention enema: a more aggressive treatment may be required using acetylcysteine which is an irritant and increases secretion. 20g baking soda and 8g acetylcysteine are added to 200ml water to create a 4% acetylcysteine solution of pH7.6. A 30-french Foley catheter is inserted 2.5 to 5cm into the rectum and the bulb slowly inflated to occlude the rectum. 100-200ml of the solution is adminstered under gravity and retained for 30-45mins by occluding the catheter.[6]
- Surgery: may be required for extreme cases
- Analgesia: may be needed for some foals. NSAIDs have deleterious effects on renal function and gastric mucosal blood flow, so they should be avoided if possible. Butorphanol given IM at 0.05 to 0.1mg/kg[7] may help to prevent straining. Hyoscine (Buscopan-Boehringer) may alleviate the colic.
- Intranasal oxygen: is useful for foals with significant abdominal distension.[8]
The preferred method of treatment consists of administration of multiple enemas, such as commercial phosphate enemas, soapy-water enemas, mineral oil, liquid paraffin and other home remedies. Additional proposed medical therapy includes pain control, administration of i.v. fluids and nasogastric administration of mineral oil and hydroxid solutions (Hanson 1999). Meconium retention that isrefractory to medical therapy requires surgical intervention. Based on the risk of developing post surgical complications, several treatment options have been developed in recent years that have reduced the number of foals requiring surgery. One of these options is the use of acetylcysteine retention enemas, which have been used successfully in human infants with meconium plug syndrome (Meeker and Kincannon 1964). Acetylcysteine use in foals has been described (Madigan and Goetzman 1990), but the evaluation of the outcome of treatment in a large group of foals has not been reported. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical manifestations of meconium impaction in 44 foals and assess the therapeutic outcome of acetylcysteine retention enemas.(Pusterla)
Prognosis
Most cases resolve with medical management within 12-24hrs.
Complications
Foals with meconium retention may be at risk of sepsis because bacterial translocation may occur across the disrupted intestinal mucosa. Blood cultures are thus advisable and foals should be monitored closely for clinical signs of sepsis. Continuous straining may lead to patent urachus.
References
Wilkins, P.A (2010) 'Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal Tract' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 21.
- ↑ White, N.A, Lessard, P (1986) Risk factors and clinical signs associated with cases of equine colic. Proc Am Ass Equine Practnrs, 32:637-644. In: Pusterla, N, Magdesian, K.G, Maleski, K, Spier, S.J, Madigan, J.E (2004) Special Article: Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987–2002). Equine Vet Educ, 16(3):133-136.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Pusterla, N, Magdesian, K.G, Maleski, K, Spier, S.J, Madigan, J.E (2004) Special Article: Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987–2002). Equine Vet Educ, 16(3):133-136.
- ↑ Martens, R.J (1982) Pediatrics. In: Mannsman, R.L, McAllister, E.S Equine Medicine and Surgery (Third Edition), American Veterinary Publications, Santa Barbara. pp 333-334. In: Pusterla, N, Magdesian, K.G, Maleski, K, Spier, S.J, Madigan, J.E (2004) Special Article: Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987–2002). Equine Vet Educ, 16(3):133-136.
- ↑ Semrad, S.D, Shaftoe, S (1992) Gastrointestinal diseases of the neonatal foal. In: Mills, L Current Therapy in Equine Medicine (Third Edition), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. pp 446-447. In: Pusterla, N, Magdesian, K.G, Maleski, K, Spier, S.J, Madigan, J.E (2004) Special Article: Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987–2002). Equine Vet Educ, 16(3):133-136.
- ↑ Madigan, J.E (1994) Meconium retention. In: Madigan, J Manual of Equine Neonatal Medicine (Second Edition), Live Oak Publishing, Woodland. pp 114-117. In: Pusterla, N, Magdesian, K.G, Maleski, K, Spier, S.J, Madigan, J.E (2004) Special Article: Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987–2002). Equine Vet Educ, 16(3):133-136.
- ↑ Pusterla, N, Magdesian, K, Maleski, K, et al. (2004) Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987-2002). Equine Vet J, (6):170-174. In: Wilkins, P.A (2010) 'Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal Tract' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 21.
- ↑ Arguedas, M.G, Hines, M.T, Papich, M.G et al. (2008) Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol and evaluation of physiologic and behavioural effects after intravenous and intramuscular administration to neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med, 22(6):1417-1426. In: Wilkins, P.A (2010) 'Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal Tract' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 21.
- ↑ Wilkins, P.A (2004) Respiratory distress in foals with uroperitoneum: possible mechanisms. Equine Vet Educ, 16(6):293-295. In: Wilkins, P.A (2010) 'Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal Tract' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 21.