| Physiology | Units | Approximate Value |
|---|---|---|
| General | ||
| Urine Specific Gravity | Grams per milli-litre | 1.030 - 1.045 |
| Maximum Urine Osmolarity | mosmol/litre | 1400 |
| Urine/Plasma Conc Ratio | n/a | 5 |
| Rumination Contraction Frequency | per min | approx. 1 |
| Beef Cow | ||
| Rectal Temperature | Fahrenheit | 100.4 - 101.3 |
| Rectal Temperature | Centigrade | 38 - 38.5 |
| Dairy Cow | ||
| Heart Rate | Beats per min | 60 - 84 |
| Rectal Temperature | Fahrenheit | 101 - 102 |
| Rectal Temperature | Centigrade | 38.3 - 38.9 |
| Resting Respiratory Rate | Breaths per min | 26 - 50 |
| Oxen | ||
| Heart Rate | Beats per min | 36 - 60 |
|
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