Musculoskeletal anatomy quiz

WIKIQUIZ

Questions reviewed by:

David Bainbridge, VetMB MA PhD MRCVS

1

What is the joint between the radius, ulna and proximal carpal bones called? Talocrural joint Middle carpal joint Carpometacarpal joint Antebrachiocarpal joint Intertarsal joint Please select an option Incorrect. The talocrural joint is found in the distal hindlimb and is part of the hock joint. The antebrachiocarpal joint is between the radius, ulna and proximal carpal bones. The middle carpal joint is between the two rows of carpal bones. The caropmetacarpal joint is between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The middle carpal joint is formed only by the bones of the carpus. The antebrachiocarpal joint is between the radius, ulna and proximal carpal bones. The middle carpal joint is between the two rows of carpal bones. The carpometacarpal joint is between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The carpometacarpal joint is formed my the metacarpal bones and the distal carpal bones. The antebrachiocarpal joint is between the radius, ulna and proximal carpal bones. The middle carpal joint is between the two rows of carpal bones. The carpometacarpal joint is between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Correct! The antebrachiocarpal joint is between the radius, ulna and proximal carpal bones. The middle carpal joint is between the two rows of carpal bones. The carpometacarpal joint is between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The intertarsal joint is found in the distal hindlimb between the talus and calcaneus. The antebrachiocarpal joint is between the radius, ulna and proximal carpal bones. The middle carpal joint is between the two rows of carpal bones. The caropmetacarpal joint is between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals. WikiVet Article: Distal limb

2

On which bone is the lateral styloid process found? Tibia Ilium Radius Fibula Ulna Please select an option Incorrect. The styloid processes are found in the distal forelimb. There are two styloid processes found in the distal limb. The medial is found on the radius and the lateral on the ulna. The styloid processes articulate with the carpus and allows attachment of ligments. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The ilium is part of the pelvis and is not associated with the styloid process. There are two styloid processes found in the distal limb. The medial is found on the radius and the lateral on the ulna. The styloid processes articulate with the carpus and allows attachment of ligments.WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. There are two styloid processes found in the distal limb. The medial is found on the radius and the lateral on the ulna. The styloid processes articulate with the carpus and allows attachment of ligments.WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The styloid processes are found in the distal forelimb. There are two styloid processes found in the distal limb. The medial is found on the radius and the lateral on the ulna. The styloid processes articulate with the carpus and allows attachment of ligments.WikiVet Article: Distal limb Correct. There are two styloid processes found in the distal limb. The medial is found on the radius and the lateral on the ulna. The styloid processes articulate with the carpus and allows attachment of ligments. WikiVet Article: Distal limb

3

Almost all extensor muscles of the carpus and digital joints originate from which point on the humerus? Deltoid tuberosity Medial epicondyle Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Lateral epicondyle Please select an option Incorrect. The deltoid tuberosity is found on the craniolateral humerus and is the insertion point for the deltoid muscle. Almost all extensor muscles originate from the lateral epicondyle. This includes the common digital and lateral digital extensor muscles. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The medial epicondyle is the origin of the common digital flexor tendon and the ulnar collateral ligament. Almost all extensor muscles originate from the lateral epicondyle. This includes the common digital and lateral digital extensor muscles. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The greater tubercle is found laterally on the proximal humerus and is the insertion of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. Almost all extensor muscles originate from the lateral epicondyle. This includes the common digital and lateral digital extensor muscles. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The lesser tubercle is less prominent than the greater tubercle and is the insertion point for the subscapularis muscle. Almost all extensor muscles originate from the lateral epicondyle. This includes the common digital and lateral digital extensor muscles. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Correct! Almost all extensor muscles originate from the lateral epicondyle. This includes the common digital and lateral digital extensor muscles. WikiVet Article: Distal limb

4

Which tendinous muscle of the equine reciprocal apparatus ensures that flexion of the stifle is accompanied by flexion of the hock? Gastrocnemius muscle Deep digital flexor muscle Biceps femoris muscle Peroneous tertius muscle Superficial digital flexor muscle Please select an option Incorrect. The superficial digital flexor and gastrocnemius muscles ensure that when the stifle is in extension the hock is also in extension. Whilst the peroneous tertius muscle ensures that flexion of the stifle is accompanied by flexion of the hock. These structures receive their name from the reciprocating action of when the femur moves cranially the distal limb swings caudally and vice versa. This apparatus also ensures that when the patella is locked the hock is also immobilised. WikiVet Article: equine hindlimb. Incorrect. The deep digital flexor muscle is not part of the reciprocal apparatus. The peroneous tertius muscle ensures that flexion of the stifle is accompanied by flexion of the hock. Whilst the superficial digital flexor and gastrocnemius muscles ensure that when the stifle is in extension the hock is also in extension. These structures receive their name from the reciprocating action of when the femur moves cranially the distal limb swings caudally and vice versa. This apparatus also ensures that when the patella is locked the hock is also immobilised. WikiVet Article: equine hindlimb. Incorrect. The biceps femoris muscle is not part of the reciprocal apparatus. The peroneous tertius muscle ensures that flexion of the stifle is accompanied by flexion of the hock. Whilst the superficial digital flexor and gastrocnemius muscles ensure that when the stifle is in extension the hock is also in extension. These structures receive their name from the reciprocating action of when the femur moves cranially the distal limb swings caudally and vice versa. This apparatus also ensures that when the patella is locked the hock is also immobilised. WikiVet Article: equine hindlimb. Correct! The peroneous tertius muscle ensures that flexion of the stifle is accompanied by flexion of the hock. Whilst the superficial digital flexor and gastrocnemius muscles ensure that when the stifle is in extension the hock is also in extension. These structures receive their name from the reciprocating action of when the femur moves cranially the distal limb swings caudally and vice versa. This apparatus also ensures that when the patella is locked the hock is also immobilised. WikiVet Article: equine hindlimb. Incorrect. The superficial digital flexor and gastrocnemius muscles ensure that when the stifle is in extension the hock is also in extension. Whilst the peroneous tertius muscle ensures that flexion of the stifle is accompanied by flexion of the hock. These structures receive their name from the reciprocating action of when the femur moves cranially the distal limb swings caudally and vice versa. This apparatus also ensures that when the patella is locked the hock is also immobilised. WikiVet Article: equine hindlimb.

5

How many carpal bones are there in the horse? 6-8 9 6 5-7 7-8 Please select an option Incorrect. There is a degree of variability in the equine carpus, but the accepted range is 7-8 bones; there are never less than 7 bones. In the proximal row of the carpus, there are radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones which are always present. In the second row, the 1st carpal bone is present in 33% of horses, and carpal bones 2, 3 & 4 are always present. Very rarely a 5th carpal bone is found, but this is in less than 10% of horses, and is in fact overlooked by much of the literature. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages. Incorrect. There is a degree of variability in the equine carpus, but the accepted range is 7-8 bones. In the proximal row of the carpus, there are radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones which are always present. In the second row, the 1st carpal bone is present in 33% of horses, and carpal bones 2, 3 & 4 are always present. Very rarely a 5th carpal bone is found, but this is in less than 10% of horses, and is in fact overlooked by much of the literature. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages. Incorrect. There is a degree of variability in the equine carpus, but the accepted range is 7-8 bones. In the proximal row of the carpus, there are radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones which are always present. In the second row, the 1st carpal bone is present in 33% of horses, and carpal bones 2, 3 & 4 are always present. Very rarely a 5th carpal bone is found, but this is in less than 10% of horses, and is in fact overlooked by much of the literature. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages. Incorrect. There is a degree of variability in the equine carpus, but the accepted range is 7-8 bones. There are never less than 7. In the proximal row of the carpus, there are radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones which are always present. In the second row, the 1st carpal bone is present in 33% of horses, and carpal bones 2, 3 & 4 are always present. Very rarely a 5th carpal bone is found, but this is in less than 10% of horses, and is in fact overlooked by much of the literature. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages. Correct! In the proximal row of the carpus, there are radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones which are always present. In the second row, the 1st carpal bone is present in 33% of horses, and carpal bones 2, 3 & 4 are always present. Very rarely a 5th carpal bone is found, but this is in less than 10% of horses, and is in fact overlooked by much of the literature. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages.

6

Which muscle antagonises the brachiocephalic muscle in the dog? Serratus ventralis muscle Trapezius muscle Rhomboid muscles Latissimus dorsi muscle Omotransversius muscle Please select an option Incorrect. The serratus ventralis muscle supports the weight of the trunk; the cervical portion can retract the limb and the caudal portion can advance the limb. The brachiocephalic muscle advances the limb and extends the shoulder joint when the limb is in motion and it draws the head and neck ventrally when the limb is fixed. The latissumus dorsi muscle anatagonises this by retracting the free limb, flexing the shoulder joint and drawing the trunk forward over the fixed limb. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The trapezius muscle raises the scapula against the trunk and swings it cranially to advance the limb. The brachiocephalic muscle advances the limb and extends the shoulder joint when the limb is in motion and it draws the head and neck ventrally when the limb is fixed. The latissumus dorsi muscle anatagonises this by retracting the free limb, flexing the shoulder joint and drawing the trunk forward over the fixed limb. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The rhomboid muscles retract the limb and may also raise the limb. The brachiocephalic muscle advances the limb and extends the shoulder joint when the limb is in motion and it draws the head and neck ventrally when the limb is fixed. The latissumus dorsi muscle anatagonises this by retracting the free limb, flexing the shoulder joint and drawing the trunk forward over the fixed limb. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Correct! The brachiocephalic muscle advances the limb and extends the shoulder joint when the limb is in motion and it draws the head and neck ventrally when the limb is fixed. The latissumus dorsi muscle anatagonises this by retracting the free limb, flexing the shoulder joint and drawing the trunk forward over the fixed limb. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The omnotransversius muscle advances the limb. The brachiocephalic muscle advances the limb and extends the shoulder joint when the limb is in motion and it draws the head and neck ventrally when the limb is fixed. The latissumus dorsi muscle anatagonises this by retracting the free limb, flexing the shoulder joint and drawing the trunk forward over the fixed limb. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb.

7

Which two domestic species lack an acromion? Horse and pig Dog and cat Horse and cow Cat and cow Dog and pig Please select an option Correct! The horse and pig both lack an acromion which is the prominence at the distal end of the spine of the scapula. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages. Incorrect. The dogand cat both have an acromion, which is the prominence at the distal end of the spine of the scapula. The horse and pig are the domestic species that lack an acromion. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages. Incorrect. The horse does lack an acromion; the prominence at the distal end of the spine of the scapula, but the cow, like most other mammals does have one. The pig is the other domestic species that lacks an acromion. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages. Incorrect. Both the cat and the cow have an acromion which is the prominence at the distal end of the spine of the scapula. The horse and the pig are the two domestic species that lack an acromion. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages. Incorrect. The pig does lack an acromion; the prominence at the distal end of the spine of the scapula, but the cow, like most other mammals does have one. The horse is the other domestic species that lacks an acromion. WikiVet Article: equine bones and cartilages.

8

Which muscle originates from the acromion? Coracobrachialis muscle Supraspinatus muscle Teres major muscle Deltoid muscles Infraspinatus muscle Please select an option Incorrect. The coracobrachialis muscle originates from the medial supraglenoid tubercle. The deltoid muscles originate from the acromion and the length of the scapular spine and they insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus and the fascia of the lateral arm. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The supraspinatus muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula. The deltoid muscles originate from the acromion and the length of the scapular spine and they insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus and the fascia of the lateral arm. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The teres major muscle originates from the dorsal part of the caudal scapula. The deltoid muscles originate from the acromion and the length of the scapular spine and they insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus and the fascia of the lateral arm. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Correct! The deltoid muscles originate from the acromion and the length of the scapular spine and they insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus and the fascia of the lateral arm. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The infraspinatus muscle originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula. The deltoid muscles originate from the acromion and the length of the scapular spine and they insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus and the fascia of the lateral arm. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb.

9

Which muscle utilises the spine of the scapula as a point of attachment? Sternocephalicus Trapezius Triceps Biceps Serratus ventralis Please select an option Incorrect. The sternocephalicus muscle has its origin on the caudal part of the skull/cervical vertebrae and descends to the sternum. It is not attached to the scapula.The trapezius muscle of the forelimb is a superficial muscle that is found dorsally and runs between both scapulas. The muscle attaches to the spine of each scapula and helps to provide posture to the forelimbs. WikiVet Article: Forelimb Correct! The trapezius muscle of the forelimb is a superficial muscle that is found dorsally and runs between both scapulas. The muscle attaches to the spine of each scapula and helps to provide posture to the forelimbs. WikiVet Article: Forelimb Incorrect. The triceps have three origin heads with one which attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle. The trapezius muscle of the forelimb is a superficial muscle that is found dorsally and runs between both scapulas. The muscle attaches to the spine of each scapula and helps to provide posture to the forelimbs. WikiVet Article: Forelimb Incorrect. The biceps attach around the ventral part of the scapula around the glenoid tubercle. The trapezius muscle of the forelimb is a superficial muscle that is found dorsally and runs between both scapulas. The muscle attaches to the spine of each scapula and helps to provide posture to the forelimbs. WikiVet Article: Forelimb Incorrect. The serratus ventralis is a superficial muscle running along the lateral surface of the thorax and abdomen. It inserts on the medial border of the scapula. The trapezius muscle of the forelimb is a superficial muscle that is found dorsally and runs between both scapulas. The muscle attaches to the spine of each scapula and helps to provide posture to the forelimbs. WikiVet Article: Forelimb

10

The omotransversarius muscle originates from which bone? Axis Xiphoid Manubrium Scapula Atlas Please select an option Incorrect. The axis has a process called the dens which allows articulation with the altas bone and spinous processes for attachment of tissues such as the nuchal ligament. The origin of the omotransversarius muscle is the transverse process of the atlas bone. The muscle body lies ventrally and caudally to the atlas bone and inserts on the scapula. WikiVet Article: Forelimb Incorrect. The xiphoid process is the most caudal process on the sternum and provides the origin/insertion of muscles such as the diaphragm. The origin of the omotransversarius muscle is the transverse process of the atlas bone. The muscle body lies ventrally and caudally to the atlas bone and inserts on the scapula. WikiVet Article: Forelimb Incorrect. The manubrium is the most cranial part of the sternum. Muscles such as the pectoral muscles have their origins on the manubrium but the manubrium does not play any part in the omotransversarius. The origin of the omotransversarius muscle is the transverse process of the atlas bone. The muscle body lies ventrally and caudally to the atlas bone and inserts on the scapula. WikiVet Article: Forelimb Incorrect. The scapula is the insertion bone of the omotransversarius muscle. The scapula also provides the origin for muscles such as the supra and infraspinatus muscles. The origin of the omotransversarius muscle is the transverse process of the atlas bone. The muscle body lies ventrally and caudally to the atlas bone and inserts on the scapula. WikiVet Article: Forelimb Correct! The origin of the omotransversarius muscle is the transverse process of the atlas bone. The muscle body lies ventrally and caudally to the atlas bone and inserts on the scapula. WikiVet Article: Forelimb

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Which muscle inserts on the olecranon? Deltoid muscles Brachialis muscle Teres major muscle Biceps brachii muscle Triceps brachii muscle Please select an option Incorrect. The deltoid muscles insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus and the fascia of the lateral arm. The triceps brachii muscle inserts on the olecranon, it is protected by the tricipital bursa against the bone and the subcutaneous bursa against the skin. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The brachialis muscle inserts just proximal to the biceps brachii muscle. The triceps brachii muscle inserts on the olecranon, it is protected by the tricipital bursa against the bone and the subcutaneous bursa against the skin. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The teres major muscle inserts on the teres tuberosity midway down the humerus. The triceps brachii muscle inserts on the olecranon, it is protected by the tricipital bursa against the bone and the subcutaneous bursa against the skin. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The biceps brachii muscle inserts on the medial tuberosity of the proximal radius and the adjacent ulna. The triceps brachii muscle inserts on the olecranon, it is protected by the tricipital bursa against the bone and the subcutaneous bursa against the skin. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Correct! The triceps brachii muscle inserts on the olecranon, it is protected by the tricipital bursa against the bone and the subcutaneous bursa against the skin. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb.

12

Where are the origins of the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle? Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon process of the ulna Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and medial epicondyle of the humerus Medial epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon process of the ulna Coronoid process of ulna and lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna Please select an option Incorrect. The olecranon process of the ulna is the point of insertion for one head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, but the lateral epicondyle of the humerus is the point of origin of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. The two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulnar, and insert via the accessory carpal bone onto the carpal and metacarpal bones. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The medial epicondyle of the humerus is the point of insertion for one head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, but the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus is the point of origin of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. The two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulnar, and insert via the accessory carpal bone onto the carpal and metacarpal bones. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Correct! The two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulnar, and insert via the accessory carpal bone onto the carpal and metacarpal bones. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb. Incorrect. The coronoid process of the ulna is the point of insertion of the brachialis muscle, and the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus is the point of origin of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. The two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulnar, and insert via the accessory carpal bone onto the carpal and metacarpal bones. Incorrect. The lateral epicondyle of the humerus is the point of origin of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle and the coronoid process of the ulna is the point of insertion of the brachialis muscle. The two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulnar, and insert via the accessory carpal bone onto the carpal and metacarpal bones. WikiVet Article: canine forelimb.

13

Which bone is the most prominent landmark during palpation of the carpus of carnivores? First carpal bone Accessory carpal bone Radial carpal bone Second carpal bone Ulnar carpal bone Please select an option Incorrect. The first carpal bone is a very minor bone and is not palpable. Incorrect. The accessory carpal bone is the most prominent landmark of the carpus during palpation. It is located medially and proximally to the ulnar carpal bone. The radial and ulnar carpal bones can also be palpated, though are less prominent, and the other carpal bones can not be differentiated in carnivores. This is not the case in all species, for example, in horses, you can differentiate most of the individual carpal bones. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Correct! The accessory carpal bone is the most prominent landmark of the carpus during palpation. It is located medially and proximally to the ulnar carpal bone. The radial and ulnar carpal bones can also be palpated, though are less prominent, and the other carpal bones can not be differentiated in carnivores. This is not the case in all species, for example, in horses, you can differentiate most of the individual carpal bones. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The radial carpal bone is the largest bone of the carpus but is less prominent than the accessory carpal bone, which is the most prominent landmark of the carpus during palpation. It is located medially and proximally to the ulnar carpal bone. The radial and ulnar carpal bones can also be palpated, though are less prominent, and the other carpal bones can not be differentiated in carnivores. This is not the case in all species, for example, in horses, you can differentiate most of the individual carpal bones. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The second carpal bone is a very minor bone and is not palpable. The accessory carpal bone is the most prominent landmark of the carpus during palpation. It is located medially and proximally to the ulnar carpal bone. The radial and ulnar carpal bones can also be palpated, though are less prominent, and the other carpal bones can not be differentiated in carnivores. This is not the case in all species, for example, in horses, you can differentiate most of the individual carpal bones. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The ulnar carpal bone is the second largest bone of the carpus but is less prominent than the accessory carpal bone, which is the most prominent landmark of the carpus during palpation. It is located medially and proximally to the ulnar carpal bone. The radial and ulnar carpal bones can also be palpated, though are less prominent, and the other carpal bones can not be differentiated in carnivores. This is not the case in all species, for example, in horses, you can differentiate most of the individual carpal bones. WikiVet Article: Distal limb

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What does the radius articulate with distally? Metacarpus Carpus Olecranon process Sesamoid bone Phalanges Please select an option Incorrect. The metacarpal bones articulate proximally with the carpal bones and distally with sesamoid bones and phalanges. The radius articulates distally with the carpal bones. The distal radius articulates with the radial carpal bone, but there are also a number of other bones that make up the carpus. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Correct! The radius articulates distally with the carpal bones. The distal radius articulates with the radial carpal bone, but there are also a number of other bones that make up the carpus. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The olecranon processis part the ulna and articulates with the humerus. The radius articulates distally with the carpal bones. The distal radius articulates with the radial carpal bone, but there are also a number of other bones that make up the carpus. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The sesamoid bones articulate with the metacarpus and phalanges. The radius articulates distally with the carpal bones. The distal radius articulates with the radial carpal bone, but there are also a number of other bones that make up the carpus. WikiVet Article: Distal limb Incorrect. The phalanges make up the most distal part of the limb and articulate proximally with the metacarpus. The radius articulates distally with the carpal bones. The distal radius articulates with the radial carpal bone, but there are also a number of other bones that make up the carpus. WikiVet Article: Distal limb