Category:Immunodeficiencies

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Immunodeficiencies - Introduction

Primary Immunodeficiency

Secondary Immunodeficiency

  • There are many causes of secondary immunodeficiency
    • Most deficiencies are not genetic
    • Most are agent-induced, such as from X-ray radiation and immunosuppressive drugs

Viral Causes

Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)

FeLV Electron Micrograph Public Health Image Library Image #5610
Kinetics of FeLV - Copyright Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS
  • Oncogenic retrovirus
  • Causes neoplasia (lymphoma), myelosuppression (anaemia) and immunosuppression (of T cells)
  • 2 strains:
    • FeLV-A
      • Natural strain
    • FeLV-B
      • Formed through FeLV-A recombining with endogenous retroviral sequences in the feline genome
      • Increases the risks of lymphoma
    • FeLV-C
      • Formed from the spontaneous mutation of FeLV-A
      • Is more myelosuppressive
  • Virus replicates in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue causing a viraemia (virus circulating in the bloodstream) which then spreads to the systemic lymphoid tissue
  • Shed in saliva
  • Passed by oronasal route, e.g. mutual grooming
  • Kittens between 6 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible
  • 60% of cats will become immune to the disease and recover
  • Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
  • Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the bone marrow
  • Diagnosis:
    • ELISA
    • Rapid-Immuno-Migration
    • Western Blot
    • Virus Isolation
    • Immunofluorescence
    • PCR
  • Treatment:
    • Antibiotics for secondary infection
    • Anti-retroviral therapy
  • For vaccinations see here

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

  • Lentivirus
  • Subtypes A, B and D
  • Causes increased susceptibility to infections and neoplasia
  • Specifically destroys CD4+ T cells
  • Virus is present in saliva, blood and other bodily fluids
  • Feral and outdoor cats (mostly tom cats) are most at risk
  • Virus replicates in lymphoid tissue
  • Can remain asymptomatic
  • Causes pyrexia and lymphadenopathy
  • Transmitted by biting
  • Diagnosis:
    • ELISA
    • Rapid-Immuno-Migration
    • Western Blot
    • Virus Isolation
    • Immunofluorescence
    • PCR
  • Treatment:
    • Antibiotics for secondary infection
    • Anti-retroviral therapy
  • For vaccinations see here

Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV)

  • Lentivirus (non-oncogenic)
  • Causes a persistent viral infection and lymphocytosis
  • Immunocompromised cattle may develop secondary infections
  • The transmission is not well known, but the following possibilities are being researched:
    • Through milk
    • Through infected semen (e.g.artificial insemination)
    • Placental transfer
  • Diagnosis:
    • Western Blot
    • PCR

Toxic Causes

  • Poisons

Iatrogenic Causes

  • Drugs
    • Corticosteroids
    • Cyclosporin
    • Cytotoxic cancer therapy

Other Causes

  • Malnutrition
  • Chronic disease
  • Stress
  • Senescence

Links

Internal

External

  • Grey Collie Syndrome Information on Canine Cyclic Haematopoeisis (Grey Collie Syndrome) including new research into treating the condition and a clinical example
  • Nude Mice Information on nude mice and their role in cancer research

Immunodeficiencies Flashcards

References

Books

  • Ivan Roitt: Essential Immunology, Ninth edition
  • Goldsby, Kindt, & Osbourne KUBY Immunology, Fourth edition

Lecture Notes

  • Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS

Websites

Subcategories

This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.

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Pages in category "Immunodeficiencies"

The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total.