Introduction
Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a condition alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis, which fall into various categories. Below is a comprehensive list of all causes of epistaxis.
Respiratory Tract
- Nasal aspergillosis
- Ethmoidal haematoma
- Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage
- Rupture of rectus capitus
- Mycotic infection of guttural pouches
- Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
- Nasal/ pharyngeal trauma
- Nasal/ pharyngeal foreign body
- Sinus neoplasia
- Sinus cyst
- Sinusitis
- Lower airway disease
- Pulmonary neoplasia.
Cardiac
- Mitral insufficiency
- Atrial fibrillation
Skeletal Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.
Clinical Signs
Depending on the disease, the clinical signs will involve epistaxis +/- other signs related to the condition.
Diagnosis
Need to find the underlying cause, by varoius methods such as endoscopy, radiographs and a full physical exam at rest and at exercise. Other clinical signs such as the characteritics of nasal discharge and any asymmetry of the face are key clinical signs. History is important in diagnosis, such as if there is any history of trauma.
Treatment and Control
To treat epistaxis, one will need to find the underlying cause and treat this.