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*Causes [[Muscles - degenerative#Botulism|botulism]], a potentially fatal intoxication
*Causes [[Muscles - degenerative#Botulism|botulism]], a potentially fatal intoxication
*Germination of endospores, growth of bacterial cells and toxin production in anaerobic conditions e.g. decaying carcasses and vegetation
*Germination of endospores, growth of bacterial cells and toxin production in anaerobic conditions e.g. decaying carcasses and vegetation
*Disease in animals consuming rotting carcasses and in herbivores through contamination of feed
*Disease in animals consuming rotting carcasses and in herbivores through contamination of feed
*Pathogenesis:
**Intoxication on ingestion and absorbtion of toxin from GIT into the blood
**Occasionally germination of spores in wounds or GIT
**Neurotoxin carried to peripheral nervous system
**Toxin binds gangliosides irreversibly at the neuromuscular junction
**Blocks release of acetylcholine
*Clinical signs:
**Dilated pupils, dry mucus membranes, decreased salivation, tongue flacidity, dysphagia in farm animals
**Incoordination and knuckling followed by flacid paralysis and recumbency
**Paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death
**Flacid paralysis of legs and wings in birds
*Toxoid vaccine
*Toxoid vaccine
*Implicated in [[Intestines - physical disturbances#Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness|equine grass sickness]]
*Implicated in [[Intestines - physical disturbances#Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness|equine grass sickness]]