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**Survive in soil as spores
 
**Survive in soil as spores
 
**Husbandry, changes in diet and environment predispose to proliferation in the intestine
 
**Husbandry, changes in diet and environment predispose to proliferation in the intestine
 +
**Abrupt changes to rich diets and intestinal hypomotility due to overeating
 
*Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
 
*Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
 
**Clostridial replication and overgrowth in the interstinal tract of sheep  
 
**Clostridial replication and overgrowth in the interstinal tract of sheep  
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===''C. perfringens'' type A===
 
===''C. perfringens'' type A===
   −
*Necrotising enterocolitis in pigs and necrotic enteritis in chickens
+
*Necrotising enterocolitis in pigs and necrotic enteritis in chickens (alpha toxin with lecithinase activity)
*Canine haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
+
*Canine haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (cytotoxic enterotoxin)
 
*Typhlocolotis in horses, possibly associated with [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Colitis X|Colitis X]]
 
*Typhlocolotis in horses, possibly associated with [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Colitis X|Colitis X]]
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*Bacterial overgrowth in the intestine of the lamb due to immature bacterial flora
 
*Bacterial overgrowth in the intestine of the lamb due to immature bacterial flora
 
*Lack of proteases in the immature gut prevents cleavage of the beta toxin, allowing it to cause disease  
 
*Lack of proteases in the immature gut prevents cleavage of the beta toxin, allowing it to cause disease  
 +
*Also alpha and epsilon toxins
 
*Haemorrhagic enteritis and ulceration in the small intestine
 
*Haemorrhagic enteritis and ulceration in the small intestine
*Fluid in the peritoneal cavity and pericardial sac due to increased capillary permeability
+
*Fluid in the peritoneal cavity and pericardial sac due to increased capillary permeability (beta toxin)
 
*Fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn foals, calves and adult goats
 
*Fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn foals, calves and adult goats
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*Acute enterotoxaemia in adult sheep, 'struck'
 
*Acute enterotoxaemia in adult sheep, 'struck'
 
*Sudden death or terminal convulsions in sheep at pasture
 
*Sudden death or terminal convulsions in sheep at pasture
*Beta toxin plays major role in pathogenesis of the disease
+
*Beta toxin (lethal, necrotising) plays major role in pathogenesis of the disease - increases intestinal and capillary permeability
 +
*Also alpha toxin (lecithinase)
 
*Post mortem: jejunal ulceration; hyperaemia in small intestine; fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity; congestion of peritoneal vessels; petechial haemorrhages
 
*Post mortem: jejunal ulceration; hyperaemia in small intestine; fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity; congestion of peritoneal vessels; petechial haemorrhages
 
*Haemorrhagic enteritis in piglets
 
*Haemorrhagic enteritis in piglets
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**Necrosis of small intestine
 
**Necrosis of small intestine
 
**Predisposing factors include diet changes, coccidial infection and intestinal hypomotility
 
**Predisposing factors include diet changes, coccidial infection and intestinal hypomotility
*Acute enterotoxaemia with haemorrhagic enteritis in calves, lambs, foals
+
*Acute enterotoxaemia with haemorrhagic enteritis in calves, lambs, foals, goats
*[[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#In cattle|Peritonitis in cattle]]
+
*[[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#In cattle|Peritonitis in cattle]] - sudden death in feedlot cattle
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*Starch from partially digested food enterering the intestine from the rumen allows rapid clostridial proliferation
 
*Starch from partially digested food enterering the intestine from the rumen allows rapid clostridial proliferation
 
*Epsilon toxin activated by proteolytic enzymes causes toxaemia
 
*Epsilon toxin activated by proteolytic enzymes causes toxaemia
 +
*Epsilon toxin increases intestinal and capillary permeability; also alpha toxin
 
*Lambs found dead or with opisthotonos, convulsions, coma in acute phases
 
*Lambs found dead or with opisthotonos, convulsions, coma in acute phases
 
*Blindness and head pressing in subacute disease; bloat in later stages
 
*Blindness and head pressing in subacute disease; bloat in later stages
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*Enteritis in rabbits, haemorrhagic enteritis in calves
 
*Enteritis in rabbits, haemorrhagic enteritis in calves
 +
*ALpha and iota toxins
     
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