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Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards (view source)
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|subtext2=PANCREAS
|subtext2=PANCREAS
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<FlashCard questions="37">
|q1=What type of gland is the pancreas?
|a1=Tubuloalveolar
|l1=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction
|q2=From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?
|-
|a2=Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm
|<big>'''What type of gland is the pancreas?'''
|l2=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q3=Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?
|a3=Ventral
|l3=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development
|q4=Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?
|a4=Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l4=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure
|q5=What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a5=Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion
|-
|l5=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
|q6=Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a6=Bicarbonate and chloride
|l6=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
|q7=Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?
|a7=To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine
|l7=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q8=Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans
|a8=Alpha, beta, delta and F cells
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l8=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
|-
|q9=What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?
|<big>'''What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?'''
|a9=Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l9=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function
|q10=What is the function of somatostatin?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a10=It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
|-
|l10=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function
|<big>'''Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas?'''
|q11=What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a11=Increases it
|l11=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|q12=What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?
|-
|a12=Catabolic
|<big>'''Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?'''
|l12=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q13=Which shape is the horse's pancreas?
|a13=Triangular
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l13=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine
|-
|q14=What is the main target tissue of glucagon?
|<big>'''Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans'''
|a14=Liver
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l14=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|q15=What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a15=Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
|-
|l15=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|<big>'''What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?'''
|q16=Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a16=Pyruvate kinase
|l16=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|q17=How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?
|-
|a17=Phosphorylation via PKA
|l17=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q18=What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?
|a18=Increases β oxidation of fatty acids
|l18=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|-
|q19=What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?
|<big>'''What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?'''
|a19=Increases the rate of protein catabolism
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l19=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|q20=How may ketosis occur during fasting?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a20=The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies
|-
|l20=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?'''
|q21=Describe the structure of insulin.
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a21=A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges
|l21=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|q22=Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.
|-
|a22=Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin
|<big>'''What is the main target tissue of glucagon?'''
|l22=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q23=How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?
|a23=It causes expression of GLUT 4
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l23=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
|-
|q24=What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?
|<big>'''What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?'''
|a24=Increases it in all cells
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l24=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
|q25=What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a25=Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria
|-
|l25=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
|<big>'''Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?'''
|q26=What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a26=β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism
|l26=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|q27=How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?
|-
|a27=One, the pancreatic duct
|l27=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q28=In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?
|a28=Ruminants
|l28=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants
|-
|q29=What are the two types of diabetes in cats?
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?'''
|a29=IDDM and NIDDM
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l29=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
|q30=What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?
|a30=Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)
|-
|l30=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?'''
|q31=Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a31=CCK, secretin and gastrin
|l31=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|q32=Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?
|a32=Pancreatoduodenal
|l32=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q33=Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.
|a33=Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l33=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
|-
|q34=What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?
|<big>'''Describe the structure of insulin.'''
|a34=Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes
|l34=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
|q35=Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?
|a35=δ cells
|l35=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
|q36=Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?
|a36=Mesoduodenum
|l36=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
|q37=In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?
|a37=Accessory
|l37=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
</FlashCard>