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Created page with '*Worldwide *Common laboratory contaminants {| align="right" |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|<p><center>'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor …'
*Worldwide
*Common laboratory contaminants
{| align="right"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|<p><center>'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
|}
*Widely found in nature
**Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions
**Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage
*Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''
*May cause primary or secondary disease
**Infection may be acute, chronic or benign
*Avians:
**Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
**Diffuse pneumonic form
**Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]
**Spores are inhaled
**Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
**The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)
***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition
***Sometimes convulsions may occur
***Resembles Pullorum disease
**The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs
{| align="right"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in a swan'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
|}
*Cattle:
**Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections
**Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy & Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin
**Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre
***Acute infection causes miliary lesions
***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions
*Horses:
**[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common
**Infection can cause abortion
**May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
*Dogs, cats and sheep:
**Infections occur, but infrequently
**[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected
**Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs
**Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats
{| align="right"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in vivo'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
|}
*Humans:
**Primary and secondary infections
**[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy & Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected
**Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients
*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
**White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety
**Colony colour varies with species
*Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics
*Microscopically:
**Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)
***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species
**Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis
*Serology:
**Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper
*Treatment:
**Surgery
**Antifungal drugs
***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]
*Pathology:
**''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
**Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]
{| align="center"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycelium aspergillus quink.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus mycelium stained with blue/black Quink'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycotic abortion asper 2.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|<center><p>'''Nasal Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|<center><p>'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
|}
[[Category:Systemic_Mycoses]]
*Common laboratory contaminants
{| align="right"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|<p><center>'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
|}
*Widely found in nature
**Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions
**Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage
*Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''
*May cause primary or secondary disease
**Infection may be acute, chronic or benign
*Avians:
**Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
**Diffuse pneumonic form
**Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]
**Spores are inhaled
**Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
**The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)
***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition
***Sometimes convulsions may occur
***Resembles Pullorum disease
**The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs
{| align="right"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in a swan'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
|}
*Cattle:
**Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections
**Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy & Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin
**Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre
***Acute infection causes miliary lesions
***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions
*Horses:
**[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common
**Infection can cause abortion
**May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
*Dogs, cats and sheep:
**Infections occur, but infrequently
**[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected
**Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs
**Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats
{| align="right"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in vivo'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
|}
*Humans:
**Primary and secondary infections
**[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy & Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected
**Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients
*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
**White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety
**Colony colour varies with species
*Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics
*Microscopically:
**Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)
***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species
**Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis
*Serology:
**Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper
*Treatment:
**Surgery
**Antifungal drugs
***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]
*Pathology:
**''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
**Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]
{| align="center"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycelium aspergillus quink.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus mycelium stained with blue/black Quink'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycotic abortion asper 2.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|<center><p>'''Nasal Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|<center><p>'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
|}
[[Category:Systemic_Mycoses]]