Tremors and Movement Disorders (Nervous System) - Pathology
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
|
Tetanus
- In a pathological context, "tetanus" is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani.
- Physiologically, the term "tetanus" refers to continuous sustained muscle contraction.
- The disease caused by Clostridium tetani is characterised by this feature.
- Physiologically, the term "tetanus" refers to continuous sustained muscle contraction.
Pathogenesis
- Clostridium tetani generally cause infection via wound contamination.
- Cuts or deep puncture wounds are most commonly infected.
- Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin.
- Tetanospasmin inhibits the release of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine from interneurons in the spinal cord and brain.
- Without the usual inhibitory influence of glycine and GABA, there is increased excitation of the brainstem and motor neurons.
- This leads to unopposed muscle contraction.
- The frequency of action potentials at the neuromuscular junctions increases above a threshold.
- Above this threshold, muscle fibres enter a state of tetanus.
- Muscle spasm is initially present in the muscles of the jaw.
- This is followed by a difficulty in swallowing.
- General muscle stiffness and spasms then develop in other parts of the body.
- Other effects may include:
- Seizures
- Effects on the autonomic nervous system
- This leads to unopposed muscle contraction.
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis is made by taking into account the animal's:
- History
- Clinical signs
- Very rarely a wound where the bacteria may have entered may be seen.
Treatment
- Wound debridement
- Surgical removal of dead and infected tissue from the wound.
- Antibiotic treatment.
- Metronidazole
- Treatment with metronidazole decreases the number of bacteria but has no effect on the bacterial toxin.
- Metronidazole is particularly active against anaerobic bacteria, and so is a good choice for use against C. tetani
- Penicillin
- Penicillin is becoming a less favoured treatment for tetanus, since there is a theoretical risk of increased spasms.
- Metronidazole
- Muscle relaxants
- Diazepam
- Midazolam
- Supportive therapy, for example:
- Administering fluids
- Providing appropriate nutrition
- Maintaining a quiet environment with dimmed light.
- Remission take several weeks to months
Tetany
- Tetany is variable intermittent muscle contraction.
Causes
- Stricnine poisoning.
- Hypocalcemia
- For example, due to:
- Parturition
- Hypothyroidism
- For example, due to:
- Glycine disorders, in:
- Humans
- Knowns as startle disease or hyperexplexia.
- Causes sudden contraction of primarily antigravity muscles
- Arabian horses
- Humans
Myoclonus
- Myoclonus is sudden contraction of muscle followed by relaxation.
- There are several different types of myoclonus.
- Sporadic
- Repetitive
- Constant
- Action related
- Congenital
- Acquired
- Postural
- Episodic
- Resting
Sporadic Myoclonus
- Sporadic myoclonus occurs as a reflex response.
- A sudden response to an auditory stimulus.
Repetitive Myoclonus
- In repetitive myoclonus, contractions and relaxations are rhythmic.
- They occur one to two seconds apart.
- May occur when the animal is at rest or during movement.
- Repetitive myoclonus may be due to a functional disturbance of lower motor neurons.
- This may be caused, for example, by distemper or another encephalomyelitis.
Action-Related Myoclonus
- Tremors are induced by movement.
- Myoclonus disappears when the patient is relaxed or sleeping.
- May be caused by:
- Cerebellar conditions
- Myelin defects
- Toxic insult
- Problems with neurons
Congenital
- Results from:
- Hypo- or dys-myelination
- Storage diseases
- Samoyeds, springer spaniels and dalmations are predisposed.
Acquired
- Maltese terrtiers and West Highland white terriers are predisposed.
- Gives rise to the name "white shakers" for the sufferers.
- Caused by meningoencephalitis.
- Toxicosis is a common cause of meningoencephalitis, for example:
- Metaldehyde
- Pyrethrins
- Hexachlorophene
- Organophosphate
- Food born mycotoxins
- Macadamia nuts
- Toxicosis is a common cause of meningoencephalitis, for example:
- Takes the form of postural repetitive myoclonus.
- Postural muscles are affected while they are supporting weight.
- The young and old are differentially affected.
- Young animals
- The head and neck are affected.
- Gives head bobbing, which stops when the animal is distracted.
- Most common in Dobermans, English Bulldogs and Boxers.
- The head and neck are affected.
- Aged dogs
- Pelvic limbs are affected, although only when standing.
- Orthostatic tremors
- Whole muscles are affected.
- Most common in Great Danes.
- Pelvic limbs are affected, although only when standing.
- Young animals
- Aquired action-related myoclonus is responsive to steroid or immunosuppressive drugs.
Other Conditions Giving Myoclonus
- Scottie cramp
- Cavalier King Charles Spaniel hypertonicity
- Norwich terriers have a predisposition.