African Horse Sickness

Introduction

This is a serious viral disease transmitted by midges causing systemic signs and often death in the horse. It is a worldwide disease but is currently not found in the UK and is notifiable here. However, with global warming, the midge breeding area is growing and there are worries that in the future the disease will occur here. It affects horses, donkeys and mules and also is present subclinically in zebras and african donkeys. These can be a reservoir of infection for the disease. *The disease has only been found in Africa, but since 1987 has recurred in Spain and Portugal.

There are nine serotypes of African Horse Sickness. The vector for the disease is midges. The virus oscillates between horses and midges. It replicates in the salivary glands of biting midges, and occurs where they breed.

The virus is pantropic and infects the endothelium and myocardium. It enters via the bloodstream from a midge bite and then disseminates throughout the body.

Clinical Signs

Peracute: causes sudden death with pyrexia before the onset of clinical signs.

Acute cardac-pneumonic form:causes signs such as interlobular pulmonary oedema, pericarditis, hemorrhage and oedema of the viscera. Death usually occurs within 5 days.

Subacute cardiac form: causes milder clinical signs but still a high mortality rate.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs are quite presumptive and would lead you to be concerned of a severe viral infection and inflict necessary precautions such as isolation etc. Definitive diagnosis should be made via alimination of differental diagnoses such as Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV). EAV causes oedema in the legs, which AHS does NOT.

Samples should be taken for virus serotype identification and serology.

Treatment and Control

In countries where the disease is not endemic, e.g. the UK, then humane destruction of the horse will be required. 

Control measures are largely preventative and include slaughter or immediate isolation of sick animals, mandatory and immediate vaccination with appropriate serotype, restricted movement of susceptible animals and protection zones and surveillance zones set in place around outbreaks. The control of the vector with ectoparasiticides, etc is also very important.

References

Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders.
Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M, Sellon, D.C. (2004) Equine Internal Medicine (Second Edition) Saunders.
Robinson, N.E., Sprayberry, K.A. (2009) Current Therapy in Equine Medicine (Sixth Edition) Saunders Elsevier
Rose, R. J. and Hodgson, D. R. (2000) Manual of Equine Practice (Second Edition) Sauders.

Lung oedema in African horse sickness (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)