Difference between revisions of "Anaplasmas"

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(Created page with "==Lifecycle== Any stage of the tick’s lifecycle can become infected with Anaplasma organisms. After development within the tick, the final infective stage is within the '''sa...")
 
 
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{{OpenPagesTop}}
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{{Taxobox
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|name              = ''Anaplasma'' spp
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|kingdom            = Monera
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|sub-kingdom        = [[Bacteria]]
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|phylum            = Proteobacteria
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|super-class        =
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|class              =
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|sub-class          =
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|super-order        =
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|order              = [[Rickettsiales]]
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|sub-order          =
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|super-family      =
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|family            = Ehrlichiaceae
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|sub-family        =
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|genus              = Anaplasma
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|species            = ''Anaplasma marginale'' and others
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}}
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==Introduction==
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[[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rickettsial pathogens inside tick haemolymph cells. Source - Wikimedia Commons]]
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''Anaplasma'' species are '''[[Rickettsiales | rickettsial]] [[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' pathogens that reside within host '''[[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]]'''.
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''Anaplasmas'' cause '''[[Anaplasmosis]]''' and have worldwide distribution due to their wide range of vectors. Disease is most common in '''tropical''' regions.
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==Lifecycle==
 
==Lifecycle==
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''Anaplasmas'' are transmitted by a wide range of '''[[Ticks |tick]]''' species and other insects including the '''[[Ceratopogonidae |''Culicoides'' midge]]''' and other [[:Category:Biting Flies|biting flies]].
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'''Maturation''' can occur only in '''tick''' hosts, flies acting as solely '''mechanical''' vectors.
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Infectious bacteria reside and replicate within the '''salivary gland''' of the vector and are transmitted to mammalian hosts during bloodfeeding.
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Infected [[erythrocytes]] are disrupted and release bodies which can then invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form '''vacuoles''' within the cytoplasmic membranes of the [[erythrocytes|red blood cells]] and then undergo '''binary fission''' to form dense blue-purple round/cube shaped '''inclusion bodies'''.
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This '''amplifies''' infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed.
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For more information on ticks as disease vectors, se [[Tick Disease Transmission]].
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==Pathogenesis==
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Anaplasmosis causes '''haemolytic [[Anaemia | anaemia]]''' by damaging [[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]].
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==Diseases==
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[[Anaplasmosis]] in domestic and wild ruminants and deer causes profound '''anaemia, emaciation, haematuria''' and consequent '''respiratory''' and '''neurological''' signs.
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==''Anaplasma marginale''==
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Most (70-80%) inclusion bodies are found at or close to the border of the erythrocyte.
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Infects '''cattle''' causing '''severe''' [[Anaplasmosis | anaplasmosis]].
  
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Any stage of the tick’s lifecycle can become infected with Anaplasma organisms.
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==''Anaplasma centrale''==
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After development within the tick, the final infective stage is within the '''salivary glands''' and is injected into the bloodstream of the host when the parasite bloodfeeds. Male ticks are more mobile and longer lived therefore may play a bigger role.
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Infects primarily cattle.
  
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See [[Tick Disease Transmission]] for more information on ticks as disease vectors.
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Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.
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==''Anaplasma mesaeterum'' and ''ovis''==
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Infect mainly sheep and goats.
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Usually cause mild disease only.
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Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.
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{{Learning
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Anaplasma%29/ Anaplasma Publications]
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|flashcards = [[Anaplasmas Flashcards]]
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}}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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Animal Health & Production Compendium, Anaplasmosis datasheet, accessed online 02/06/2011 @ http://www.ahpc.org/
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{{CABI source
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|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=94680&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Anaplasma centrale''], [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=94681&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Anaplasma mesaeterum''], [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=94683&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Anaplasma ovis''] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=94684 ''Anaplasma marginale''] 
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|date = June 4, 2011
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}}
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<br><br><br>
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{{Template:Nick Lyons
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|date = October 16, 2011}}
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{{OpenPages}}
  
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[[Category:To Do - Steph]]
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[[Category:Rickettsiales]]
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]

Latest revision as of 12:17, 17 August 2012


Anaplasma spp
Kingdom Monera
Sub-kingdom Bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
Order Rickettsiales
Family Ehrlichiaceae
Genus Anaplasma
Species Anaplasma marginale and others

Introduction

Rickettsial pathogens inside tick haemolymph cells. Source - Wikimedia Commons

Anaplasma species are rickettsial bacterial pathogens that reside within host erythrocytes.

Anaplasmas cause Anaplasmosis and have worldwide distribution due to their wide range of vectors. Disease is most common in tropical regions.

Lifecycle

Anaplasmas are transmitted by a wide range of tick species and other insects including the Culicoides midge and other biting flies.

Maturation can occur only in tick hosts, flies acting as solely mechanical vectors.

Infectious bacteria reside and replicate within the salivary gland of the vector and are transmitted to mammalian hosts during bloodfeeding.

Infected erythrocytes are disrupted and release bodies which can then invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form vacuoles within the cytoplasmic membranes of the red blood cells and then undergo binary fission to form dense blue-purple round/cube shaped inclusion bodies.

This amplifies infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed.

For more information on ticks as disease vectors, se Tick Disease Transmission.

Pathogenesis

Anaplasmosis causes haemolytic anaemia by damaging erythrocytes.

Diseases

Anaplasmosis in domestic and wild ruminants and deer causes profound anaemia, emaciation, haematuria and consequent respiratory and neurological signs.

Anaplasma marginale

Most (70-80%) inclusion bodies are found at or close to the border of the erythrocyte. Infects cattle causing severe anaplasmosis.

Anaplasma centrale

Infects primarily cattle.

Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.

Anaplasma mesaeterum and ovis

Infect mainly sheep and goats.

Usually cause mild disease only.

Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.


Anaplasmas Learning Resources
FlashcardsFlashcards logo.png
Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions 		Anaplasmas Flashcards
CABICABI logo.jpg
Literature Search
Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract
(CABI log in required) 		Anaplasma Publications


References


CABIlogo

This article was originally sourced from The Animal Health & Production Compendium (AHPC) published online by CABI during the OVAL Project.

The datasheet was accessed on June 4, 2011.

This article has been expert reviewed by Nick Lyons MA VetMB CertCHP MRCVS

Date reviewed: October 16, 2011




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