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Line 1: − *Caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]] [[File:C albicans germ tubes.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''Candida'' spp]]+ − *Noramally present on skin and in [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]]+ − *Immunocompromised animals may show symptoms+ − *Usually lesions on mucous membranes and at mucocutaneous junctions+ − *Grossly:+ − **Exudative, papular, pustular to ulcerative dermatitis+ − + − *Microscopically:+ − **Spongiotic neutrophilic pustular inflammation+ − **Parakeratosis+ − **Ulcerations+ − **Superficial exudate containing organisms+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − The disease is common in '''neonatal psittacine birds'''. It occurs primarily as a result of '''immunosuppression''' and '''trauma''' to the ingluvies. Hypothermia, feeding too cold or too hot formula which results in crop-burn, poor nutrition, longterm antibiotic therapy, hypovitaminosis A and systemic illness from other causes are all predisposing causes. + Line 34:
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=Introduction=
=Introduction=
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]], [[File:C albicans germ tubes.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''Candida'' spp]] most commonly ''Candida ablicans'' that affects many species.
The yeast is normally present on skin and in [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]] and symptoms of disease are usually only seen in immunocompromised animals following opportunistic infection. It is most common in the bird but has also been reported in horses, pigs, cows, sheep, cats and dogs - in particular neonates.
==Clinical signs==
Lesions are found on mucous membranes and at mucocutaneous junctions most commonly. The disease will usually remain localised to the mucocutaneous junctions, but on rare occasions it may spread systemically.
**Stomatitis and otitis externa may develop
Gross clinical signs include:
* Exudative, papular, pustular to ulcerative dermatitis
* Raised, circular, white plaques or ulcers with overlying scabs
* Keratinous thickening of tissue
* Stomatitis and otitis externa
Microscopically there is evidence of:
*Spongiotic neutrophilic pustular inflammation
*Parakeratosis
*Ulcerations
*Superficial exudate containing organisms
Infection may cause a also cause a variety of other clinical signs depending on the species and the site of infection, for example mastitis, arthritis, diarrhoea and general malaise.
==Predisposing factors==
* Immunosuppressive drugs
* Immunosuppressive disease
* Indwelling urinary or intravenous catheters
* Antibiotic administration
* Corticosteroid administration
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis can be confirmed via microscopic examination and identification of the fungus following a skin scrap of the lesion. The fungus should be visible after staining with a Gram, Methylene Blue or Wrights stain. It is a gram positive ovoid, budding yeast with or without hyphae. Culture of a sample in Sabourauds Dextrose agar or Blood agar should also confirm diagnosis.
==Treatment==
Topical anti-fungals are used to treat the infection.
=Candidasis in birds=
=Candidasis in birds=
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Candidiasis ''aka'' thrush/sour crop/crop mycosis is common in '''neonatal psittacine birds'''. It occurs primarily as a result of '''immunosuppression''' and '''trauma''' to the ingluvies. Hypothermia, feeding too cold or too hot formula which results in crop-burn, poor nutrition, longterm antibiotic therapy, hypovitaminosis A and systemic illness from other causes are all predisposing causes.
==Clinical Sings==
==Clinical Sings==
Girling, S (2004) '''Diseases of the digestive tract of psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 2004 26: 146-15''
Girling, S (2004) '''Diseases of the digestive tract of psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 2004 26: 146-15''
[[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]]
[[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]]
[[Category:To Do - Fungi]]
[[Category:To Do - Fungi]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]