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| |pagetitle =Oral Cavity and Gingiva - Pathology | | |pagetitle =Oral Cavity and Gingiva - Pathology |
− | |pagebody = Stomatitis - generalised inflammation throughout mouth. Glossitis - inflammation of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]. Pharyngitis - pharynx inflammation. | + | |pagebody = Stomatitis - generalised inflammation throughout mouth. Glossitis - inflammation of [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]. Pharyngitis - pharynx inflammation. |
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− | |logo = | + | |logo =path-logo.png |
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− | ==[[:Category:Oral Cavity - Erosive & Ulcerative Pathology]]==
| + | [[Category:Alimentary_System_-_Pathology|A]] |
− | | + | [[Category:Oral Cavity]] |
− | ==[[:Category:Oral Cavity - Vesicular Pathology]]==
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− | ==Catarrhal [[Stomatitis]]==
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− | *Non-specific, general stomatitis
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− | ===Pathology===
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− | *Starts as hyperaemia and oedema of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] or pharynx with mucoid exudate on surface.
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− | *Lymphoid follicles on [[Soft Palate - Anatomy & Physiology|soft palate]] may enlarge and proliferate.
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− | *Often see white spots due to epithelial hyperplasia and increased mucous secretion.
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− | **(can be scraped off to leave ordinary mucosa underneath).
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− | *May produce bad smell.
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− | *Resolves normally if not secondarily infected.
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− | ===Pathogenesis===
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− | *May be caused by:
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− | **Low grade [[:Category:Streptococcus species|streptococcal]] infection
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− | **Ingestion of toxins
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− | **Result of other more systemic diseases
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− | ==Granulomatous and pyogranulomatous Inflammation==
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− | ==Eosinophilic Inflammation==
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− | ===[[Eosinophilic granuloma]]===
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− | This is a complex of diseases affecting skin and [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] mainly of cat, which include:
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− | #Oral eosinophilic granuloma
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− | #[[Linear granuloma]] of skin
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− | #[[Eosinophilic plaque]] of skin
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− | ====Clinical====
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− | *Any age, but usually young adults.
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− | *Mainly affects [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lips]], may also occasionally affect '''frenulum of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]'''.
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− | *Sometimes called "rodent ulcer "
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− | *Not neoplastic - it is an inflammatory disease but is '''progressive and destructive'''.
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− | *May see small plaque or becomes very '''infiltrative'''.
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− | *In worst cases may erode away whole nose.
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− | ====Pathogenesis====
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− | *Histologically lots of eosinophils, polymorphs.
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− | *Exaggerated eosinophilic response.
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− | | |
− | ==Necrotizing Inflammation==
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− | ==Lymphocytic and plasmacytic Inflammation==
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− | ==[[:Category:Oral Cavity - Immune Mediated Pathology]]==
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− | ===Autoimmune===
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− | *Occasionally see vesicles on the oral mucosa. associated with autoimmune diseases such as [[pemphigus]] vulgaris.
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− | ===Hypersensitivity===
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− | ==[[:Category:Oral Cavity - Proliferative Pathology]]==
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− | ===Hyperplastic===
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− | ====Polychlorinated Napthalene Poisoning====
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− | Hyperplastic proliferative pathology
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− | *Polychlorinated biphenyl's (PCB's).
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− | *Used in all sorts of things.
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− | *Do not break down in environment and very toxic.
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− | *Poisoning was classically seen as proliferative stomatitis when PCB used to lubricate feed pellet making machine.
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− | *Vitamin A antagonist produces hyperkeratosis of mouth (like Vitamin A deficiency).
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− | ===Papular===
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− | ====Orf====
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− | *[[Poxviridae|Pox]] infection
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− | *Quite a common '''zoonotic''' disease
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− | Papular proliferative pathology
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− | =====Clinical=====
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− | *In sheep produces a proliferative nodule/papular mass on [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lips]]
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− | *In flocks in which it is endemic it is seen in lamb
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− | *If flock is non-immune seen in ewes too but much worse in lambs (may spread to inside of mouth)
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− | *Can spread to udder of ewe
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− | =====Pathology=====
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− | *Poxvirus infections produce local infection of [[prickle cells]] in epithelium with proliferation of cells and formation of papule followed by ulceration / necrosis and covered by necrotic epithelium
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− | *Eventually scabs form and crust drops off
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− | *Scabs - very infectious ( N.B.if touch -> catch it)
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− | | |
− | ====Bovine Papular stomatitis====
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− | [[Image:BPS.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Ring Zone Lesions of BPS - Calf (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]
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− | *Parapox virus
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− | *Very similar disease to orf but seen in cattle and generally milder condition.
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− | *'''Must be differentiated from [[#Foot and Mouth disease|Foot and Mouth Disease]] and [[#Bovine Viral Diarrhoea / Mucosal disease|Mucosal Disease.]]'''
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− | *Sporadic, in cattle, less than 1 year old.
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− | *Develop papules on the muzzle, external nares and in the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]; the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] and [[Stomach and Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|forestomachs]] may also be affected.
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− | *Usually heals spontaneously.
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− | =====Pathogenesis=====
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− | *The early lesions are round areas of intense congestion up to 1.5 cm in diameter.
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− | *The centre becomes necrotic and slightly depressed.
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− | *Slow peripheral extension of this lesion gives a classical ring zone formation with concentric rings of
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− | **yellow (necrosis),
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− | **grey (epithelial hyperplasia)
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− | **red (congestion).
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− | =====Histology=====
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− | *There are focal areas of hydropic degeneration in the stratum spinosum
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− | *Large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion
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− | *Epidermis is markedly thickened.
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− | *The superficial layers of the epithelium become necrotic and slough.
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− | *''Vesicle formation is not a feature of this disease.''
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− | ====Papilloma====
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− | ===Neoplastic===
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− | ====Squamous cell carcinoma====
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− | [[Image:oral squamous cell carcinoma.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Oral squamous cell carcinoma'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]] neoplastic
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− | ==[[Category:Oral Cavity - Metabolic Pathology]]==
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− | ===[[Uraemia]]===
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− | [[Image:uraemia.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Lesions due to uraemia associated with pyelonephritis/chronic renal failure (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]
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− | *In terminal renal failure animal may present with painful ulcers in mouth, which become secondarily infected with Fusiformis.
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− | **High concentrations of toxic materials in the blood results in degeneration of small arterioles.
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− | *In the mouth, this damage to the blood supply can cause epithelial necrosis.
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− | *Usually seen as erosions along the ventrolateral borders of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] and on the [[Cheeks - Anatomy & Physiology|cheeks]], especially opposite the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]].
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− | *In some cases there may be more extensive necrosis which may involve subepithelial tissue
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− | **for example, the tip of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] may slough.
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− | *Most commonly seen in dog sometimes in cat.
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− | ==[[:Category:Oral Cavity - Nutritional Pathology]]==
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− | ===[[Nicotinic Acid Deficiency]]===
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− | *May also cause epithelial necrosis and sloughing.
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− | | |
− | ==[[:Category:Oral Cavity - Traumatic Pathology]]==
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− | ===Ulcers Following Trauma===
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− | *Any animal that is exposed to coarse feed or sharp things in food can suffer from ulcers in mouth.
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− | *They often become secondarily infected with production of metastatic infection that may result in large abscess on point of jaw.
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− | **i.e. trauma on [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] may lead to secondary infection that may lead to abscess in drainage lymph node.
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− | *Deep ulcers may occur as a result of trauma in any species.
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− | *These readily become secondarily infected by [[Fusiformis]].
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− | *Produces a fibrin-covered ulcer.
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− | *Responds to antibiotics, but may leave a defect or scar in mucosa.
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− | ==Vascular Pathology==
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− | ==Learning Tools==
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− | ::[[Alimentary Flashcards - Pathology#Cavity and Gingiva Flashcards|Cavity and Gingiva Flashcards]]
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− | [[Category:Alimentary_System_-_Pathology]]
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