Difference between revisions of "Congenital and Neonatal Disease - Pathology"

From WikiVet English
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(New page: {{review}} {{toplink |linkpage =General Pathology |linktext =General Pathology |maplink = General Pathology (Content Map) |pagetype =Pathology }} <br> ==Introduction== * Changes in the p...)
 
 
(17 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{review}}
 
−
{{toplink
 
−
|linkpage =General Pathology
 
−
|linktext =General Pathology
 
−
|maplink = General Pathology (Content Map)
 
−
|pagetype =Pathology
 
−
}}
 
−
<br>
 
−
 
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
  
Line 31: Line 22:
 
===Chromosomal Defects===
 
===Chromosomal Defects===
  
−
* Although malformations can be caused by chromosomal abnormalitis, these often result in early abortion or resorption.
+
* Although malformations can be caused by [[:Category:Reproductive Disorders|chromosomal abnormalitis]], these often result in early abortion or resorption.
  
 
===Viral Diseases===
 
===Viral Diseases===
Line 48: Line 39:
 
===Drugs===
 
===Drugs===
  
−
* Griseofulvin  
+
* [[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofulvin|Griseofulvin]]
−
** Used to treat "ringworm" (dermatophytosis). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' )
+
** Used to treat "ringworm" ([[Dermatophytosis|dermatophytosis]]). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' )
 
** Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen.  
 
** Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen.  
 
* Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations.
 
* Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations.
Line 59: Line 50:
 
===Nutritional Deficiencies===
 
===Nutritional Deficiencies===
  
−
====Copper Deficiency====
+
====[[Copper Deficiency]]====
−
 
 
−
* Copper deficiency in the pregnant ewe can result in "''swayback'''" in lambs.
 
−
** Due to white matter degeneration in the central nervous system of prenatal and neonatal lambs.
 
−
* The degeneration is thought to be a mixture of both hypomyelination and demyelination.
 
−
* The central nervous system of the lambs is affected.
 
−
** Neonatal lambs show an ataxia in the first few weeks of life.
 
−
*** Due to demyelination of dorsolateral and ventromedial tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord.
 
−
** More severe lesions can be present in lambs affected prenatally.
 
−
*** Destruction of subcortical white matter in the brain.
 
−
**** The extent of this varies. 
 
−
* It is unknown how copper deficiency exerts this effect.
 
−
** Supplementation in pregnancy prevents the prenatal form.
 
−
** Supplementation in the first few weeks will alleviate the neonatal form.
 
  
 
====Vitamin Deficiencies====
 
====Vitamin Deficiencies====
Line 94: Line 72:
 
* The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity.  
 
* The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity.  
  
−
===Bulldog Calf===
+
===[[Chondrodysplasia|Bulldog Calf]]===
  
−
* A well recognised deformation in Dexter calves.
 
−
* Related to [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Chondrodysplasia|defective cartilage matrix and abnormal ossification]].
 
−
* The calf is born with short and crooked limbs and the facial bones are short.
 
  
−
===Cleft Palate===
+
===[[Cleft Palate]]===
  
−
* A very common malformation in many species.
+
===[[Cystic Kidney]]===
−
* Due to failure of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Palatine Bone (os palatinum)|palatine bones]] to fuse in the midline.
 
−
* The animal:
 
−
** Fails to suckle properly
 
−
** Can develop an aspiration pneumonia.
 
−
* Caused by:
 
−
** Administration of griseofulvin to queens during pregnancy.
 
−
** Certain viral infections.
 
−
** Ingestion of toxic plants.
 
  
−
===Cystic Kidney===
+
===[[Spina Bifida]]===
  
−
* Also known as polycystic kidney.
+
===[[Hydrocephalus]]===
−
* Can be seen in many different species.
 
−
* Can have a hereditary basis.
 
−
* The cysts may be single or multiple.
 
−
* Results from the failure of development of the tubular system in nephrons.
 
−
* Severely affected animals may die of renal failure early in life.
 
−
** The affected kidney does not have enough functional reserve, and so small infections can have a serious effect on renal function.
 
  
−
===Spina Bifida===
+
===[[Cerebellar Hypoplasia]]===
−
 
 
−
* A failure of closure of the vertebral arch.
 
−
* May result in herniation of the meninges and /or spinal cord.
 
−
** There may be a direct communication between those structures and the skin surface.
 
−
 
 
−
===Hydrocephalus===
 
−
 
 
−
* Not uncommon in dogsand cats.
 
−
* Abnormal drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in dilation of the ventricles of the brain.
 
−
** Is a result of either stenosis of:
 
−
*** The aqueduct between the 3rd and 4th ventricle, or
 
−
*** The foramina further back in the brain stem.
 
−
** May also be acquired as a result of compression by tumours or infectious processes.
 
−
* Dilation of the ventricles with CSF causes pressure atrophy of the overlying brain tissue.
 
−
* Hydrocephalus can be seen at birth.
 
−
** Characterised by a dome shaped skull and open fontanelles.
 
−
* Hydrocephalus may also be hidden and detected later in life.
 
−
 
 
−
===Cerebellar Hypoplasia===
 
−
 
 
−
* The cerebellum is smaller than normal and oftenrudimentary.
 
−
* Microscopy shows a highly disorganised architecture.
 
−
* The animal shows tremors and ataxia.
 
−
* Usually associated with viral infections during gestation.
 
  
 
===Skeletal Malformations===
 
===Skeletal Malformations===
Line 160: Line 97:
 
===Skin Defects===
 
===Skin Defects===
  
−
* E.g. Epitheliogenesis imperfecta.
+
* E.g. [[Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta|Epitheliogenesis imperfecta]].
−
**  There is absence of portions of the epidermis.
 
−
*** Results in ulcers.
 
  
 
===Muscular Defects===
 
===Muscular Defects===
Line 169: Line 104:
 
** Called "shistosoma".
 
** Called "shistosoma".
  
−
===Cardiac Defects===
+
===[[:Category:Cardiovascular System - Developmental Pathology|Cardiac Defects]]===
  
 
* There are several possible types of cardiac defects.  
 
* There are several possible types of cardiac defects.  
 
** These include:
 
** These include:
 
*** Patency between chambers
 
*** Patency between chambers
−
*** Persistent right aortic arch
+
*** [[PRAA|Persistent right aortic arch]]
−
*** Tetrology of Fallot.
+
*** [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
  
 
===Sexual Organ Malformation===
 
===Sexual Organ Malformation===
Line 182: Line 117:
 
** Hermaphrodites
 
** Hermaphrodites
 
** Pseudohermaphrodites
 
** Pseudohermaphrodites
−
** Freemartinism in females calves.
+
** [[Bovine Freemartinism|Freemartinism in females calves]].
  
 
===Metabolic Diseases===
 
===Metabolic Diseases===
Line 190: Line 125:
 
* These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells.  
 
* These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells.  
 
* Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System.
 
* Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System.
 +
 +
 +
[[Category:Reproductive System - Developmental Pathology]]

Latest revision as of 14:23, 20 July 2011

Introduction

  • Changes in the patterns of growth and differentation result in growth disorders.
    • These changes may be in single cells, tissues or organs.
  • There are two types of growth disorders.
    1. Malformations
      • Occur during gestation.
    2. Congenital
      • Detected at birth.
  • Some growth disorders have a heriditary input.
    • Occur as a result of genetically transmitted disease.
  • Some growth disorders occur as a sequl to a variety of insults to the foetus during gestation.
  • Only a few malformations are readily accessible to surgical correction.

Causes of Malformations

  • There are many causes of malformations in animals.
  • If the insult occurs early in gestation and is sufficiently severe, it will result in foetal death, resorption and infertility.
  • If the insult occurs late in gestation, the malformation will be more limited and the foetus usually survives.


Chromosomal Defects

Viral Diseases

  • Some viruses are able to cross the placenta and cause damage to foetal tissues.
  • For example:
    • Border Disease Virus in lambs.
    • Cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens caused by parvovirus.

Toxins

  • For example, toxic plants ingested by the dam during pregnancy.
    • Veratrum californicum
      • May produce cyclopia in lambs when ingested by the dam in early pregnancy.

Drugs

  • Griseofulvin
    • Used to treat "ringworm" (dermatophytosis). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' )
    • Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen.
  • Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations.

Ionising Radiation

  • For example, X-rays.

Nutritional Deficiencies

Copper Deficiency

Vitamin Deficiencies

  • Vit. A and D deficiency can result in skeletal malformations.

Physical Factors

  • For example, adhesions between foetal membranes or umbilical cord.
    • Can result in amputation of skeletal segments.
      • Especially around limbs.

Anoxia

  • Lack of oxygen in gestation can result in malformations.

Malformations

Cyclops

  • The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity.

Bulldog Calf

Cleft Palate

Cystic Kidney

Spina Bifida

Hydrocephalus

Cerebellar Hypoplasia

Skeletal Malformations

  • There are numerous skeletal malformations.
  • Include:
    • Absence of bones
    • Deformation
    • Shortening
    • Duplication
    • Hypoplasia

Skin Defects

Muscular Defects

  • E.g. defects in the thoracoabdominal walls resulting in exterioration of internal viscera.
    • Called "shistosoma".

Cardiac Defects

Sexual Organ Malformation

Metabolic Diseases

  • "Storage" diseases.
    • Vital enzymes are missing or defective within all cells.
  • These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells.
  • Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Congenital_and_Neonatal_Disease_-_Pathology&oldid=122158"