Changes

Jump to navigation Jump to search
674 bytes added ,  16:35, 5 April 2011
no edit summary
Line 1: Line 1: −
*'''Horse''':
+
== Introduction ==
**[[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]]
+
Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a condition alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis and these include:
**[[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]] = 'Haemorrhagic nasal polyp', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.
+
<br>
***Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.
+
''''Respiratory Tract''''
**[[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage]]
+
[[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]], [[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage]], Rupture of rectus capitus, [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]], nasolacrimal haemorrhage, nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body, [[Paranasal Sinuses Neoplasia|Sinus neoplasia]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]], [[Sinusitis]], lower airway disease and [[Pulmonary Neoplasia|Pulmonary neoplasia]].
**Rupture of rectus capitus - profuse haemorrhage
+
<br>
**[[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]]
+
''''Cardiac''''
**Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
+
Mitral insufficiency and atrial fibrillation can causes epistaxis.
**Nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body
+
<br>
**[[Paranasal Sinuses Neoplasia|Sinus neoplasia]]
+
''''Skeletal''''
**[[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]]
+
Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.
**[[Sinusitis]]
+
 
**Lower airway disease
+
<br>
**[[Pulmonary Neoplasia|Pulmonary neoplasia]]
+
 
**Cardiac
+
== Clinical Signs ==
***Mitral insufficiency
+
Depending on the disease, the clinical signs will involve epistaxis +/- other signs related to the condition.
***Atrial fibrillation
+
 
**Skeletal
+
<br>
***Head trauma
+
 
**Rarely hypertension or vascular aneurysms
+
== Diagnosis ==
 +
Need to find the underlying cause, by varoius methods such as endoscopy, radiographs and a full physical exam at rest and at exercise. Other clinical signs such as the characteritics of nasal discharge and any asymmetry of the face are key clinical signs. History is important in diagnosis, such as if there is any history of trauma.
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
== Treatment and Control ==
 +
To treat epistaxis, one will need to find the underlying cause and treat this.
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
== References ==
       
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Vascular Diseases - Horse]][[Category:To_Do_-_Respiratory]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Vascular Diseases - Horse]][[Category:To_Do_-_Respiratory]]
482

edits

Navigation menu