Go to donkey parameters
Horse
| Haematologic Type
|
US Units
|
Full US Units
|
Internarional Standard Units (SI)
|
Full SI Units
|
Normal Ranges
|
| UNITED STATES UNITS / International Standard Units (SI)
|
| Packed Cell Volume (PCV) (Haematocrit)
|
%
|
Percentage
|
x10-2/L
|
Per litr
|
32 - 48 (Lower in cold-blooded)
|
| Hemoglobin (Hgb)
|
g/dL
|
Grams per deci-litre
|
x10 g/L
|
Grams per litre
|
10 - 18
|
| Red Blood Cells (RBC)
|
x10-6/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
x10 g/L
|
Grams per litre
|
6 - 12
|
| Reticulocytes
|
%
|
Percentage
|
%
|
Percentage
|
0
|
| Mean Corpuscular Volume
|
f/L
|
Per femtolitre
|
f/L
|
Per femtolitre
|
34 - 58
|
| Mean Corpuscular Hgb
|
pg
|
Per picogram
|
pg
|
Per picogram
|
13 - 19
|
| Mean Corpuscular Hgb Concentration
|
g/dL
|
Grams per deci-litre
|
x10 g/L
|
Grams per litre
|
31 - 37
|
| Platelets
|
x10-5/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
x10-11/L
|
Per litre
|
1 - 6
|
| White Blood Cells
|
x10-3/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
x10-9/L
|
Per litre
|
6 - 12
|
| Neutrophils (Segmented)
|
% x10-3/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
% x10-9/L
|
Per litre
|
30 - 75% or 3 - 6
|
| Neutrophils (band)
|
% x10-3/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
% x10-9/L
|
Per litre
|
0 - 1% or 0 - 0.1
|
| Lymphocytes
|
% x10-3/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
% x10-9/L
|
Per litre
|
25 - 60 / 1.5 - 5
|
| Monocytes
|
% x10-3/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
% x10-9/L
|
Per litre
|
1 - 8 / 0 - 0.6
|
| Eosinophils
|
% x10-3/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
% x10-9/L
|
Per litre
|
1 - 10 / 0 - 0.8
|
| Basophils
|
% x10-3/uL
|
Per microlitre
|
% x10-9/L
|
Per litre
|
0 - 3% or 0 - 0.3
|
| Myeloid/Erythroid Ratio
|
No units
|
No units
|
No units
|
No units
|
0.9 - 3.8 : 1
|
| Plasma Proteins
|
g/dL
|
Grams per deci-litre
|
x10g/L
|
Grams per litre
|
6 - 8.5
|
| Plasma Fibrogen
|
g/dL
|
Grams per deci-litre
|
x10g/L
|
Grams per litre
|
0.1 - 0.4
|
Kahn, Cynthia M., Line, Scott., Aiello, Susan E. (2005)
The Merck Veterinary Manual. Ninth Edition ed. New Jersey, United States of America: Merck & Co., Inc. & Merial Limited. pp.Hematological Reference Guides.
Donkey
| Parameter/units
|
Average
|
Range
|
Interpretation
|
| RBC 1012/l
|
5.5
|
(4 - 7.3)
|
Red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin:
Elevations in RBC, PCV, and Hb may occur in dehydration and with stress, excitation and exercise. A reduction in these values may occur with acute haemorrhage, chronic inflammation, renal disease, hepatic disease, parasitism, haemolysis, and haematopoietic neoplasia.
|
| PCV %
|
33
|
(25 - 38)
|
As above
|
| Hb g/dl
|
11.6
|
(9 - 15.3)
|
As above
|
| MCH pg
|
21.9
|
(18.9 - 28.6)
|
Mean corpuscular haematology:
Elevations occur with haemolysis. Reductions usually indicate iron deficiency.
|
| MCHC g/dl
|
34.8
|
(31.4 - 39.1)
|
Mean corpuscular haematological concentration:
Elevations occur with haemolysis. Reductions may indicate iron deficiency.
|
| MCV fl
|
64
|
(57 - 79)
|
Macrocytosis seen with regenerative anaemia. Microcytosis seen with iron deficiency.
|
| WBC 109/l
|
10.2
|
(6.1 - 16.1)
|
White blood cells. The total number of WBC is influenced by the numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils. Leucocytosis is seen with septic and non-septic inflammatory conditions. Leucopaenia can occur
during viral infection and severe leucopenia with acute bacterial infections.
|
| NEU %
|
50.5
|
(28 - 78)
|
Neutrophils. Neutrophilia can arise transiently due to exercise, excitement and stress. Elevations are seen with septic and non-septic inflammatory conditions and acute bacterial infections. Corticosteroids, exogenous and endogenous, also cause a neutrophilia. Neutropenia can occur during viral infections.
|
| NEU T 109/l
|
5.0
|
(2.2 - 13.3)
|
As above
|
| EOS %
|
4
|
(1 - 10)
|
Eosinophils. Eosinophilia may be seen as a result of parasitism, allergic respiratory disease and eosinophilic leukaemia. Eosinopaenia is hard to evaluate as the numbers of eosinophils in normal donkeys are low.
|
| EOS T 109/l
|
0.38
|
(0.09 - 1.15)
|
As above
|
| BAS %
|
0
|
(0 - 0.8)
|
Basophils. Basophilia is rare in donkeys.
|
| BAS T 109/l
|
0
|
(0 - 0.5)
|
As above
|
| LYM %
|
43
|
(17 - 65)
|
Lymphocytes. Lymphocytosis occurs in response to chronic viral infections, autoimmune disease and with excitement or exercise. Large elevations in lymphocyte numbers can be seen in lymphoma. Lymphopaenia occurs as a result of stress, exogenous corticosteroid administration, severe bacterial or viral infections, endotoxemia and immunodeficiency.
|
| LYM T 109/l
|
4.2
|
(1.8 - 7.8)
|
As above
|
| MON %
|
1
|
(0 - 5)
|
Monocytes. Monocytosis can occur as a result of chronic suppurative and granulomatous inflammation. It may also be seen during recovery from viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.
|
| MON T 109/l
|
0.13
|
(0 - 0.8)
|
As above
|
| Platelets 109/l
|
5.5
|
(4 - 7.3)
|
Thrombocytes. Thrombocytosis is rare but can occur in bacterial infections. Thrombocytopaenia may be seen in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), immunemediated thrombocytopenia, equine infectious anaemia (EIA), endotoxemia, equine ehrlichiosis, neoplasia, or as a result of severe haemorrhage. Artifactual reductions in platelet numbers can occur as a result of platelets clumping in EDTA.
|
Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) The Professional Handbook of the Donkey, 4th edition, Whittet Books, Appendix 1
