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| − | ==Vision and Eyes==
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| − | ==Hearing and Ears==
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| − | ==Ear==
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| − | The ear is a paired sensory organ, that is involved in both hearing and balance. For this reason, the ear is known as the vestibulocochlear organ. Sound waves that are transmitted into the ear provide a mechanical stimulus. These mechanical stimuli are then transferred into electrical signals by the cochlea. Neuroreceptors in the ear allow the horse to gain a perception of position and movement.
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| − | Anatomically, the ear can be looked at in three parts:
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| − | 1. '''Outer ear''' - pinna and auditory canal
| + | ==[[Equine Eye - Horse Anatomy|Eye]]== |
| | + | ==[[Equine Ear - Horse Anatomy|Ear]]== |
| | + | ==[[Equine Nose - Horse Anatomy|Nose]]== |
| | + | ==[[Equine Gustatory System - Horse Anatomy|Gustatory System]]== |
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| − | 2. '''Middle ear''' - contains the malleus, incus and stapes bones - known as the ossicles
| + | [[Category:To Do - AP Review]] |
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| − | 3. '''Inner ear''' - contains the membranous and bony labyrinths, and the cochlea
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| − | ===Outer Ear===
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| − | [[Image:Outer Ear.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Outer Ear - Copyright David Bainbridge]] | |
| − | The pinna (or auricle) is defined as the outer projecting part of the ear, that is the part of the ear that can be seen. It consists of the auricular cartilage, surrounded by skin, which allows for flexibility and elasticity. The auricular cartilage connects to scutiform cartilage, which itself connects to annular cartilage, which allows for articulation. These cartilages fit into the bony passage of the ear canal - also called the external auditory meatus, which leads to the tympanic membrane. This is the deepest boundary of the outer ear.
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| − | Muscles around the base of the ear that are attached to the skull allow movement of the pinna, so the ear can be directed to the source of sound:
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| − | {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
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| − | !'''Muscle'''
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| − | !'''Origin'''
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| − | !'''Innervation'''
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| − | !'''Function'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''Preauricular'''
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| − | | Deep temporal fascia
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| − | | Auriculopalpebral branch of facial nerve
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| − | (cranial nerve VII)
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| − | | Moves the ear cranio-laterally, so the pinna is facing forwards
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''Ventroauricular'''
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| − | | Laryngeal fascia
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| − | | Retroauricular branch of facial nerve
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| − | (cranial nerve VII)
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| − | | Moves the ear laterally
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''Postauricular'''
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| − | | Medial cervical raphe
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| − | | Retroauricular branch of facial nerve
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| − | (cranial nerve VII)
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| − | | Moves the ear caudo-laterally, so the pinna is facing backwards
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| − | |-
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| − | |}
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| − | ====Middle Ear====
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| − | ====Inner Ear====
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| − | ===Hearing===
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| − | ====The Outer and Middle Ear====
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| − | ====The Cochlea====
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| − | ====The Hair Cell Receptor====
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| − | =====Hair Cell Resting Potentials=====
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| − | =====Cochlear Microphonics=====
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| − | =====Tone=====
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| − | =====Direction Discrimination=====
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| − | ====Deafness=====
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| − | ===Central Auditory Pathways===
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| − | ===Vestibular Receptors and Balance
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| − | ====Unilateral Vestibular Signs====
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| − | ====Central Vestibular Pathways====
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| − | ===Vasculature===
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| − | ===Innervation===
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| − | ===Equine Guttural Pouch===
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| − | ==Olfaction and Nose==
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| − | ==Taste and Tongue==
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